microbiology quiz 2-11-15 Flashcards
small single celled, prokaryotic cells in kingdom monera
bacteria
engulfs things, single celled,eukaryotic cells, lives in aquatic habitats
protozoans
single or multicellular, different pigments, eukaryotic cells
algea
helminths or worms, all multi cellular, eukaryotic, causative agent that causes the disease and the animal carries it
animal
particulate and not cellular, the smallest , requires a host cell to multiply
virus
the manipulation of microorganisms to make products in an industrial setting ( a process uses farmed algae to extract a form of oil (biodiesel) to be used in place of petroleum products
biotechnology
this is an area of biotechnology that manipulates the genetics of microbes, plants, and animals for the purpose of creating new products and genetically modified organisms.
genetic engineering
the use of biological agents to remedy environmental problems. this process introduces microbes into the environment to restore stability or to clean up toxic pollutants
bioremediation
the ability of some microbes that have adopted to a non free living lifestyle
parasitism
lives in or on the body of a larger organism called the host and derives most of its sustenance from that host. their actions generally damage the host through infection and disease.
parasite
organism in which smaller organisms or viruses live, feed, and reproduce.
host
another term that can be used to specify a type of microbe that is a disease causing agent or parasite
pathogen
infectious diseases native to animals that can be transmitted to humans ( west Nile virus)
zoonoses
the bacteria, small single celled prokaryotic organisms
bacteriology
the fungi, a group of eukaryotes that includes both microscopic eukaryotes ( molds and yeasts) and larger organisms ( mushrooms, puffballs)
mycology
the protozoa, the animal-like and mostly single-celled eukaryotes
protozoology
viruses- minute, non-cellular particles that parasitize cells
virology
parasitism and parasitic organisms, traditionally including pathogenic protozoa, helminth worms, and certain insects
parasitology
simple photosynthetic eukaryotes, the algae, ranging from single-celled forms to large seaweed
phycology or Algology
morphology
the detailed structure of microorganisms
physiology
microbial function of genetic material and biochemical reactions that make up a cell’s metabolism
taxonomy
classification, naming, and identification of microorganisms. the classification off biological species, is a system used to organize all forms of life.
microbial genetic, molecular biology
the functions of genetic material and biochemical reactions that make up cell’s metabolism
microbial ecology
interrelationships between microbes and the environment, the roles of microorganisms in the nutrient cycles and natural ecosystems.
prokaryotic cells
dominated the earth’s life forms for the first 2 billion years, ancient cells that are small, simple, lack specialized internal structures to carry out their functions (organelles) they do not have a nucleus. smaller than eukaryotic cells
eukaryotic cells
developed about 1.8 billion years ago, developed a nucleus and various specialized internal structures called organelles.
organelles
a small component of eukaryotic cells that is bounded by a membrane and specialized in functions. they perform specific functions in cellular growth, maintenance, and reproduction.
ubiquitous
found everywhere in all natural habitats and most of those that have been created by humans
name the major groups of microorganisms in the study of microbiology
bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, algae, and helminiths
what makes studying microorganisms easy to study
they reproduce rapidly and can usually be grown in large numbers in the laboratory
what makes studying microorganisms hard to study
we cant observe or analyze them without special techniques, especially the use of microscopes
what do geomicrobiologists study?
the roles of microbes in the development of the earth’s crust
what do marine microbiologists study?
the study of the oceans and its smallest inhabitants
what do medical technologists do?
they do tests that help diagnose pathogenic microbes and their diseases
what do nurse epidemiologists do?
they analyze the occurrence of infectious diseases in hospitals
what do astrobiologists study?
they study the possibilities of organisms in space
which types of eukaryotes are microorganisms?
algae, protozoa, molds, and yeast
which types of eukaryotes are not microscopic and why are they considered microorganisms?
- is helminth (worms) because they can be involved in infections and may require a microscope to identify them.
- animals- arthropods such as fleas and ticks may also be carriers of infectious diseases.
what is a virus?
they are microscopic and can cause infections and disease.
they are not cells, they are small particles that exist at a level of complexity between molecules and cells.
what is an emerging disease?
they are newly identified conditions that are being reported in increasing numbers.
Gastric ulcers in known to be caused by what bacterium?
Helicobacter
Gastric ulcers in known to be caused by what bacterium?
Helicobacter
what is decomposition
it involves the breakdown of dead matter and waste into simple compounds that can be directed back into the natural cycles of living things.
Which infectious disease has been completely eliminated?
small pox
what is the light fueled conversion of co2 to organic material, accompanied by the formation of oxygen?
Photosynthesis
What are some of the reasons that account for the increase in our microbial coinhabitants?
our increased mobility and travel, especially by air. our expanding population and global food-grown practices. Our agricultural practices can unearth microbes that were lying dormant or hidden. Farmers for instance has spread the Escherichia coli bacteria by using water contaminated by cow feces to water their crops. therefor spreading it to people around the world.
what is a beneficial food product produced by a fungus?
Beer, wine, and Bread
What is the natural relatedness between groups of living things known as?
Phylogeny. Biologist use their knowledge of phylogenetic relationships to develop a system of taxonomy.
What is the study of algae?
Phycology
What is evolution?
evolution states that living things change gradually through billions of years and that these evolvements result in various types of structural and functional adaptations throughout many generations.
what is the term used to describe the distribution of microorganisms on earth?
Ubiquitous
how is the process of evolution selective?
The changes that most favor the survival of a particular organism or group of organisms tend to be retained, and those that are less beneficial to survival tend to be lost.
What organism from the animal kingdom are causative agents of disease and are studied in microbiology?
helminths or worms
what two premises is evolution founded?
- that all new species originate from preexisting species through inheritance of traits.
- that closely related organisms have similar features because they evolved from common ancestral forms.
what are obligate intracellular parasite causes disease and is studied in microbiology? and name a few
Viruses such as the flu, chicken pox and rabies
what type of microscope is used to view viruses?
an electron microscope
what is a single celled, mostly microscopic , prokaryotic organism that are studied in microbiology?
Bacteria
what is the study of organisms that cant be seen with the naked eye ( less than 1mm in diameter)?
microscopic organisms or microbes or microorganisms
What is a single-celled, Eukaryotic organism that engulfs things and lives in an aquatic habitat?
Protozoa
how does a virus get into the cell?
the cell receptor brings it into the cell.
What is the name of an eukaryotic organism that is multicellular or single celled, that decomposes and breaks things down.
what is a fungi?
true or false? a virus can copy itself in the host cell.
false the virus is replicated by the host cell. ( the virus is passive)
a single or multicellular organism, that has different pigments, different types of cell walls and is eukaryotic?
what is algae?
what is the protein coat that surrounds the genome of the virus called?
the capsid
The study of fungi is
what is mycology?
True or False? A virus is an acellular structure that has a core called a genome?
true
which organism is the smallest, ranging in 20nm to 450nm?
viruses
True or false? The genome of the virus contains both DNA and RNA?
False. it contains DNA or RNA but never both at the same time.
the name of the protein coat that surrounds the “genome”
What is the capsid?
What is an obligate intracellular parasite?
a virus
they are known as obligate intracellular parasites
What are viruses?
what does a virus need to survive?
a host
a type of virus has a capsid but no enveloped virus?
What is a naked virus?
a virus that has a membrane surrounding the capsid, that has a matrix and spikes.
What is an enveloped virus?
a virus that has a capsid and attaches itself to a bacteria
What is a bacteriophage?
an obligate intracellular parasite of bacteria, protozoa, fungi, algae, plants, and animals
what is a virus?
it cannot independently fulfill the characteristics of life ( it requires a host)
What is a virus?
what basic structure consists of a protein shell (capsid) surrounding a nucleic acid core
what is a virus?
which organism multiply by taking control of the host’s cells genetic material and regulate the synthesis and assembly of new microbes?
What is a virus?
which microbe lacks enzymes for metabolic processes and lacks machinery for synthesizing proteins?
What is a virus?
the 1st living organism on earth
What is bacteria?
name diseases caused by bacteria
E-coli, UTI, MRSA, Sepsis, Lyme’s, Ulcers, Cholera, Clamydia, Gonorrhea, Syphllis, Pneumonia, TB, Tetanus, C-diff and Botulism
which microbe is unicellular, heterotrophic, has a rigid cell wall around the membrane that is made of peptidoglycan?
What is bacteria?
what does TEM stand for
transmission electron microscope
Which type of microscope is used to view inside the cell and has a granular flat view
What is a transmission electron microscope?
Who is Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek
He was a Dutch linen merchant and self-made microbiologist that hand-fashioned the simple single-lens microscope. He is sometimes considered the father of bacteriology and protozoology.
What is the deductive reasoning approach
when scientists se a general observations of some phenomenon to develop a set of facts to explain that phenomenon, they deduce the facts that can account for what they have observed.
What is a hypothesis?
it is a scientific thought rather than a subjective belief that comes from superstition or myth
What is inductive reasoning?
this method is often used in the early phases of evaluation and can formulate a generalization to be tested deductively. to apply specific observations to develop a general explanation.
What is a theory?
it is a collection of statements, propositions, or concepts that explains or accounts for a natural event. It is a viable explanation that has stood the test of time and has yet to be disproved by serious scientific inquires.
How does a theory become Law?
when evidence of the accuracy and predictability of a theory is so compelling that the next level of confidence is reached.
Who is Dr. Edward Jenner
he developed the small pox vaccine. Considered the father of Immunology.
What the belief that certain living things arose from vital forces present in nonliving or decomposing matter?
what is spontaneous generation
What is abiogenesis?
an idea which embraced the idea of spontaneous generation.
What is biogenesis?
the idea that only living things arise only from others of the same kind.( to begin with life)
What experiment did Francesco Redi conduct?
He conducted the experiment in which he placed meat in a jar and covered it with gauze. proved that maggots came from flies not meat
What did Louis Pasteur contribute to microbiology?
- He showed that microbes caused fermentation and spoilage ( bacteria turns it to vinegar)
- He disproved spontaneous generation of microorganisms
- He developed pasteurization to get rid of contaminates
- Demonstrated what is now know as Germ Theory of Disease
What is the meaning of the word sterile?
completely free of all life forms including spores and viruses
What is the Germ Theory of Disease?
it stated that many diseases are caused by the growth of microbes in the body.
Who were the 2 major contributors in the Germ Theory of Disease?
Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch
What did Joseph Lister introduce?
- he introduced Aseptic Technique in surgery to reduce microbes in medical settings and prevent wound infections.
- used chemicals to clean equipment
- used heat for sterilization
- handled infectious material without contamination
What did Ignaz Semmelweis contribute to reducing infection?
- he instituted washing of the hands with chlorinated lime
- he reduced the incidence of childbirth fever
- correlated infections with Dr. coming from the autopsy room to the maternity ward.
Who linked a microscopic organism with a specific disease?
Robert Koch, he stated that one microorganism causes one type of disease. He identified the cause of anthrax, TB, and cholera
What is Koch’s postulates?
it is a sequence of experimental steps that verified the germ theory( disease are caused by the growth of microbes in the body)
Which 2 vaccinations were developed by Louis Pasteur?
rabies and anthrax
What is the definition of taxonomy?
it is the formal system for organizing, classifying, and naming living things
Who was responsible for the taxonomy system?
Carl von Linne
What are the primary concerns of taxonomy?
classification, nomenclature, and identification
What is the assignment of organisms into a group within a system of categories distinguished by shared common characteristics such as structure or origin ?
classification
What is the system of assigning names to the various taxonomic rankings of each microbial species?
Nomenclature
What is the process of determining and recording the traits of organisms in order to trace their exact identity and placement in taxonomy?
Identification
What is the classification scheme that is organized into several descending ranks called?
Hierarchy
What is the giant, all inclusive category based on a unique cell type and ends with the species?
Domain
What is the smallest and most specific taxon?
Species
What is the science dealing with organizing, classifying, and naming of organisms?
Taxonomy
What are the levels of classification?
- Domain- Archaea, Bacteria, & Eukarya
- Kingdom
- Phylum (protozoa, animals, bacteria, and fungi or Division ( algae and plants
- Class or criterion
- Order- belongs to what taxon
- Family
- Genus
- Species
How is the scientific name derived?
it is always a combination of the generic name followed by the species name.
How should the scientific name be written?
the generic par is capitalized and the species part begins with a lowercase letter. Both should be italicized ( or underlined if italics are not available) as follows:
