microbiology quiz 4-14-15 Flashcards
what type of mutation substitutes 1 nucleotide for another in the DNA sense strand during transcription/translation
a point mutation
what is the mutation called when the nucleotide is wrong, and that creates the wrong AA therefor creates the wrong protein
a missense mutation
what is the mutation called when the nucleotide is wrong, and that creates no AA, by prematurely adding a stop codon and no protein is made
a nonsense mutation
what is the mutation called that the nucleotide is the wrong one but produces the correct AA and therefor the correct protein is made
a neutral mutation
what is the type of mutation that either adds or deletes a nucleotide in the DNA, which shifts the frame of reading by 1 nucleotide
frameshift mutation
if during a frameshift mutation, from the point at which the nucleotide was added or deleted codes for the wrong protein, it is know as what type of mutation
missensed mutation
if during a frameshift mutation, from the point at which the nucleotide was added or deleted codes for the premature stop codon, it is know as what type of mutation
nonsense mutation
when a chemical causes a mutation this chemical is known as a what
mutagen
what chemical can cause a mutagen that will alter the shape of adenine and cause it to resemble guanine ?
nitrous acid
the mutagen radiation(UV) causes a mutation known as what
thymine dimer
what acts on 2 side by side thymine nucleotides and causes them to bind together?
UV radiation.
what is the name of the test that the cosmetic industry will use to look for mutagens in their products
the Ames Test
what is the accidental cause of a mutation known as
spontaneous
what is the mutation known as when it is exposed to something that increase the probability of a mutation to happen
mutagen
when a mutation happens that helps lead to evolution, this is what type of mutation
a beneficial mutation
when a mutation happens that has no affect on the DNA this is what type of mutation
a neutral mutation
when a mutation happens that can be harmful to the bacteria or lethal and cause death, this is what type of mutation
a detrimental mutation
approximately how many nucleotides are made during replication
a billion
how is the mutation rate of bacteria expressed (P per gene)
10(-5) and 10(-3)
what is the probability per gene through out the life of a particular bacteria (P per gene) in spontaneous mutations
10(-6)
what are the two forms of transfer that bacteria participate in
- vertical transfer
2. horizontal transfer
what type of transfer occurs when bacteria transfer their genetic material from 1 generation to the next through binary fission
vertical transfer
what type of transfer occurs when bacteria transfer their genetic material to the same generation
horizontal transfer
what type of transfer produces identical offspring
vertical transfer
what type of transfer produces genetically diverse offspring
horizontal transfer
how common is horizontal transfer in bacteria
1%
what are the three mechanisms on how bacteria are transferred horizontally
- transformation
- conjugation
- transduction( generalized/specialized)
who was given credit for discovering horizontal transfer in 1928.
Griffith
when the DNA is transferred from one living bacterial cell and the DNA of dead bacterial cells this is known as
transformation
what must the bacterial cell possess in order to perform transformation
competence factor
what is the function of competence factor in bacteria
it make the bacteria have the ability to be permeable to DNA
true or false
bacteria that are of a different species or genera are able to perform transformation?
true
Lederberg performed an experiment with the bacteria Escherichia coli and discovered what transfer property
conjugation
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what is the transfer of DNA between 2 living bacteria called
conjugation
true or false
during conjugation it is not necessary for bacteria to be in direct contact with each other
false
true or false
in order for conjugation to occur you must have 2 bacteria with plasmids?
false
what allows the gram negative bacteria to have direct contact with each other?
the pilus
what type of bacteria have a pilus
gram negative bacteria
what allows the gram positive bacteria to have direct contact with each other
the surface molecules
what is an example of a bacteria that can do transformation
streptococcus pneumonia
staphylococcus
neisseria
what is an example of a bacteria that can do conjugation
Escherichia coli
salmonella
true or false
conjugation can happen between organisms of different genera
true
true or false
conjugation is complete when the F- organism becomes a F+ organisms
true
when the plasmid becomes part of the bacterial DNA it is known as
Hfr ( high frequency)
in the 1950’s Lederberg experimented with what bacteria that lead to the discovery of transduction
salmonella
what are the two types of transduction
generalized
specialized
what type of horizontal transfer requires the transfer of DNA between a bacteria and a bacteriophage
generalized transduction
what type of horizontal transfer requires the transfer of a specific gene that codes for a toxin, between a bacteria and a bacteriophage
specialized transduction
what is the name of the plasmid that codes for multiple drug resistance
R plasmid
what is the name of the plasmid that codes for proteins that kill other bacteria
bacteriocinogens
what is the name of a toxin caused by a plasmid
salmonella toxin
tetanus toxin
exfoliatin toxin- by S. aureus
anthrax toxin- by B. antracis
what is the name of the jumping genes discovered by Barbara McClintock. these genes are able to move to other locations of the DNA and can also remove itself and become a plasmid.
transposons
