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Microbiology lecture > microbiology quiz 4-14-15 > Flashcards

microbiology quiz 4-14-15 Flashcards

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1
Q

what type of mutation substitutes 1 nucleotide for another in the DNA sense strand during transcription/translation

A

a point mutation

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2
Q

what is the mutation called when the nucleotide is wrong, and that creates the wrong AA therefor creates the wrong protein

A

a missense mutation

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3
Q

what is the mutation called when the nucleotide is wrong, and that creates no AA, by prematurely adding a stop codon and no protein is made

A

a nonsense mutation

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4
Q

what is the mutation called that the nucleotide is the wrong one but produces the correct AA and therefor the correct protein is made

A

a neutral mutation

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5
Q

what is the type of mutation that either adds or deletes a nucleotide in the DNA, which shifts the frame of reading by 1 nucleotide

A

frameshift mutation

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6
Q

if during a frameshift mutation, from the point at which the nucleotide was added or deleted codes for the wrong protein, it is know as what type of mutation

A

missensed mutation

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7
Q

if during a frameshift mutation, from the point at which the nucleotide was added or deleted codes for the premature stop codon, it is know as what type of mutation

A

nonsense mutation

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8
Q

when a chemical causes a mutation this chemical is known as a what

A

mutagen

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9
Q

what chemical can cause a mutagen that will alter the shape of adenine and cause it to resemble guanine ?

A

nitrous acid

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10
Q

the mutagen radiation(UV) causes a mutation known as what

A

thymine dimer

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11
Q

what acts on 2 side by side thymine nucleotides and causes them to bind together?

A

UV radiation.

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12
Q

what is the name of the test that the cosmetic industry will use to look for mutagens in their products

A

the Ames Test

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13
Q

what is the accidental cause of a mutation known as

A

spontaneous

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14
Q

what is the mutation known as when it is exposed to something that increase the probability of a mutation to happen

A

mutagen

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15
Q

when a mutation happens that helps lead to evolution, this is what type of mutation

A

a beneficial mutation

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16
Q

when a mutation happens that has no affect on the DNA this is what type of mutation

A

a neutral mutation

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17
Q

when a mutation happens that can be harmful to the bacteria or lethal and cause death, this is what type of mutation

A

a detrimental mutation

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18
Q

approximately how many nucleotides are made during replication

A

a billion

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19
Q

how is the mutation rate of bacteria expressed (P per gene)

A

10(-5) and 10(-3)

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20
Q

what is the probability per gene through out the life of a particular bacteria (P per gene) in spontaneous mutations

A

10(-6)

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21
Q

what are the two forms of transfer that bacteria participate in

A
  1. vertical transfer

2. horizontal transfer

22
Q

what type of transfer occurs when bacteria transfer their genetic material from 1 generation to the next through binary fission

A

vertical transfer

23
Q

what type of transfer occurs when bacteria transfer their genetic material to the same generation

A

horizontal transfer

24
Q

what type of transfer produces identical offspring

A

vertical transfer

25
Q

what type of transfer produces genetically diverse offspring

A

horizontal transfer

26
Q

how common is horizontal transfer in bacteria

A

1%

27
Q

what are the three mechanisms on how bacteria are transferred horizontally

A
  1. transformation
  2. conjugation
  3. transduction( generalized/specialized)
28
Q

who was given credit for discovering horizontal transfer in 1928.

A

Griffith

29
Q

when the DNA is transferred from one living bacterial cell and the DNA of dead bacterial cells this is known as

A

transformation

30
Q

what must the bacterial cell possess in order to perform transformation

A

competence factor

31
Q

what is the function of competence factor in bacteria

A

it make the bacteria have the ability to be permeable to DNA

32
Q

true or false

bacteria that are of a different species or genera are able to perform transformation?

A

true

33
Q

Lederberg performed an experiment with the bacteria Escherichia coli and discovered what transfer property

A

conjugation

`

34
Q

what is the transfer of DNA between 2 living bacteria called

A

conjugation

35
Q

true or false

during conjugation it is not necessary for bacteria to be in direct contact with each other

A

false

36
Q

true or false

in order for conjugation to occur you must have 2 bacteria with plasmids?

A

false

37
Q

what allows the gram negative bacteria to have direct contact with each other?

A

the pilus

38
Q

what type of bacteria have a pilus

A

gram negative bacteria

39
Q

what allows the gram positive bacteria to have direct contact with each other

A

the surface molecules

40
Q

what is an example of a bacteria that can do transformation

A

streptococcus pneumonia
staphylococcus
neisseria

41
Q

what is an example of a bacteria that can do conjugation

A

Escherichia coli

salmonella

42
Q

true or false

conjugation can happen between organisms of different genera

A

true

43
Q

true or false

conjugation is complete when the F- organism becomes a F+ organisms

A

true

44
Q

when the plasmid becomes part of the bacterial DNA it is known as

A

Hfr ( high frequency)

45
Q

in the 1950’s Lederberg experimented with what bacteria that lead to the discovery of transduction

A

salmonella

46
Q

what are the two types of transduction

A

generalized

specialized

47
Q

what type of horizontal transfer requires the transfer of DNA between a bacteria and a bacteriophage

A

generalized transduction

48
Q

what type of horizontal transfer requires the transfer of a specific gene that codes for a toxin, between a bacteria and a bacteriophage

A

specialized transduction

49
Q

what is the name of the plasmid that codes for multiple drug resistance

A

R plasmid

50
Q

what is the name of the plasmid that codes for proteins that kill other bacteria

A

bacteriocinogens

51
Q

what is the name of a toxin caused by a plasmid

A

salmonella toxin
tetanus toxin
exfoliatin toxin- by S. aureus
anthrax toxin- by B. antracis

52
Q

what is the name of the jumping genes discovered by Barbara McClintock. these genes are able to move to other locations of the DNA and can also remove itself and become a plasmid.

A

transposons

Microbiology lecture (12 decks)

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