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Microbiology lecture > microbiology quiz 3-31-15 > Flashcards

microbiology quiz 3-31-15 Flashcards

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1
Q

where does the Embden Meyerhof pathway occur?

A

in the cytoplasm

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2
Q

Is oxygen required to begin the Embden Meyerhof Pathway?

A

no oxygen is not required

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3
Q

How many chemical reactions does it take to split the glucose molecule in half during the Embden Meyerhof Pathway?

A

10 chemical reactions need to occur to split the glucose molecule in half

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4
Q

how many carbons molecules are in the molecule of glucose at the start of the Embden Meyerhof Pathway?

A

6 carbon molecules

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5
Q

in the Embden Meyerhof Pathway, glucose is split into 2 molecules of what substance?

A

pyruvic acid

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6
Q

how many molecules of carbon are in each pyruvic acid?

A

3 carbon molecules

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7
Q

what is the intermediate energy molecule that cant be used immediately but can be used to make ATP?

A

NADH

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8
Q

what is the products of the EMP?

A

2 pyruvic acids, 4 ATP and 2 NADH

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9
Q

what is the net products of the EMP?

A

2 pyruvic acids, 2 ATP and 2 NADH

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10
Q

what is needed by the cell to start the EMP?

A

the cell needs a molecule of glucose and 2 ATP to begin the process

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11
Q

Name the two pathways that bacteria can take to breakdown glucose

A
  1. Pentose Phosphate Pathway

2. Entner-Doudoroff

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12
Q

What is the name of the process that bacteria use to breakdown glucose instead of the EMP?

A

Entnerd-Doudoroff

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13
Q

what is the name of the pathway that bacteria take to breakdown glucose simultaneously with the EMP?

A

the Pentose Phosphate Pathway

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14
Q

what is an example of a bacteria that uses the Pentose Phosphate Pathway to breakdown glucose?

A

Escherichia coli or Bacillus

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15
Q

what is the biggest benefit to a bacteria in using the Pentose Phosphate Pathway?

A

the bacteria can use these intermediate products for other things in the cell, like building other molecules and things in the cells

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16
Q

What is the product of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway?

A

1 ATP/glucose

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17
Q

Give an example of a bacteria that breaks down glucose using the Entner-Doudoroff process

A

Pseudomonas which is a gram - bacteria

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18
Q

why makes the bacteria perform the Entner-Doudoroff process versus the Pentose Phosphate Pathway?

A

the DNA codes for the enzymes to allow them to take each pathway

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19
Q

what is the products of the Entner-Doudoroff process?

A

1 ATP/glucose

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20
Q

what 2 factors determine what happens after the EMP?

A
  1. is oxygen present?

2. what type of organism do we have?

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21
Q

if oxygen is present after the EMP takes place than what is this called?

A

Aerobic respiration

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22
Q

where does the bridge reaction take place?

A

in the cytoplasm of bacteria

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23
Q

name the reaction that occurs between the EMP and the Krebs cycle

A

the bridge reaction

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24
Q

what is produced during the bridge reaction?

A

2 Acetyl CoenzymeA molecules

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25
Q

what is removed from each pyruvic acid molecule during the bridge reaction?

A

2 carbon dioxide molecules

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26
Q

where does the Krebs cycle occur in the prokaryotes?

A

in the cytoplasm

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27
Q

what do you need in order for the Krebs cycle to begin?

A

Acetyl CoenzymeA

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28
Q

what is the benefit of the Krebs cycle?

A

it produces a lot of energy

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29
Q

what is the 1st reaction in the Krebs cycle?

A

the Acetyl CoenzymeA joins with the oxaloacetate and makes citric acid

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30
Q

how many carbon atoms is in the Acetyl CoenzymeA

A

2 carbons

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31
Q

how many carbon atoms are in the Oxaloacetate?

A

4 carbons

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32
Q

how many carbon atoms are in the citric acid?

A

6 carbons

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33
Q

how much energy is produced during the Krebs cycle?

A

1 ATP
3 NADH
1 FADH2

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34
Q

how much energy is produced per glucose molecule during the EMP?

A

2 ATP
6 NADH
2 FADH2

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35
Q

where does the Electron Transport Chain occur?

A

in the plasma membrane of the prokaryotic cell

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36
Q

what carries the negatively charged electrons along the membrane

A

cytochrome molecules

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37
Q

how many groups of the cytochrome molecules are present?

A

3 groups ( high energy, lower energy, and the lowest energy)

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38
Q

what is supplying the electrons to the system as Hydrogen?

A

the intermediate energy molecules, NADH and FADH2

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39
Q

what is NADH and FADH2 supplying to the plasma membrane to facilitate the Electron Transport Chain?

A

Hydrogen atoms singly or in pairs

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40
Q

how much ATP is produced at each level of the Electron Transport Chain?

A

1 ATP at each level to equal a total of 3 ATP

41
Q

what is the final electron acceptor of the Electron Transport Chain?

A

oxygen

42
Q

how much ATP is produced for every NADH molecule that enters the E.T.C?

A

3 ATP per NADH

43
Q

how much ATP is produced for every FADH2 molecule that enters the E.T.C?

A

2 ATP per FADH2 because it enters at the 2nd cytochrome level not the 1st.

44
Q

what do you need to be able to perform in the ETC?

A

a source of electrons ( from the NADH and the FADH2)

45
Q

what is the product of the ETC?

A

ATP

46
Q

what happens to the Hydrogen molecule at the end of the ETC?

A

it binds with the oxygen and produces water. H2O

47
Q

what accepts the Hydrogen molecule at the end of all aerobic respiration?

A

Oxygen

48
Q

what is produced at the end of the EMP?

A

2 ATP and 2 NADH (6 ATP)

49
Q

for every NADH molecule you get how many ATP

A

3 ATP per NADH

50
Q

what energy is produced after the bridge reaction?

A

2 NADH which equals 6 ATP

51
Q

what energy is produced after the Krebs cycle?

A 
2 ATP 
6 NADH (18 ATP)
2 FADH2 ( 4 ATP)
52
Q

what is the total energy produced in a prokaryotic cell?

A

38 ATP

53
Q

what is the total energy produced in a eukaryotic cell?

A

36 ATP because it takes 2 ATP to move to the mitochondria.

54
Q

if oxygen is not present during the EMP what kind of organism do you have?

A

either an Obligate anaerobe or an aerotolerant bacteria

55
Q

what is the product of all fermentation reactions?

A

2 ATP/glucose

56
Q

what is the final electron acceptor is during the anaerobic process?

A

an organic molecule

57
Q

can oxygen be the final electron acceptor during anaerobic respiration?

A

no

58
Q

what is the name of the fermentation process that tales the 2 pyruvic acids and converts them into lactic acid?

A

lactic acid fermentation

59
Q

what is used during the one step reaction to convert the 2 pyruvic acids to the 2 lactic acids

A

2 NADH

60
Q

give an example of a bacteria that can live in the presence of oxygen but never uses oxygen and performs lactic acid fermentation

A

lactobacillus- it can be used in the presence of oxygen but NEVER uses it.

61
Q

give an example of a facultative bacteria that can survive in the presence of oxygen forever on the 2 ATP

A

Streptococcus- its a facultative anaerobe

62
Q

what is the name of the fermentation that converts the pyruvic acids during the one step reaction to 2 ethanol molecules

A

ethanol fermentation

63
Q

what is produced during the ethanol fermentation?

A

carbon dioxide and ethanol

64
Q

what energy is used during the one step reaction

A

2 NADH

65
Q

give an example of ethanol fermentation

A

yeast, beer, wine

66
Q

what is the name of the sugar additive to agar to help differentiate bacteria through fermentation?

A

mannitol

67
Q

what is an example of a negative fermentation bacteria

A

S. epidermidis ( cant ferment mannitol)

68
Q

what is an example of a positive fermentation bacteria

A

S. aureus ( can ferment mannitol)

69
Q

what is the final electron acceptor is anaerobic respiration?

A

inorganic molecules like nitrogen and sulfur

70
Q

can oxygen be the final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration?

A

no

71
Q

what is the energy produced from anaerobic respiration

A

2 ATP/glucose

72
Q

what bacteria use anaerobic respiration

A

environmentally significant bacteria

73
Q

what is the positions of the two strands of DNA

A

antiparallel

74
Q

what determines the position of the strand of DNA?

A

the position of the deoxyribose sugar

75
Q

when the 5 carbon is positioned in the upwards position this strand is called the

A

5’ prime to 3’ prime strand

76
Q

when the 3 carbon is positioned in the upwards position this strand is called the

A

3’ prime to 5’ prime strand

77
Q

what is the enzyme that unzips and unwinds the 2 strands of DNA?

A

helicase

78
Q

what is the name of the protein that holds the 2 strands of DNA apart?

A

SSB (single strand binding)- protein

79
Q

what is the name of the strand that is in the 5’ to 3’ prime position that is made in a continuous strand

A

the leading strand

80
Q

what is the name of the strand that is in the 3’ to 5’ prime

A

the parental strand

81
Q

if the parental strand is in the 5’ to 3’ prime position than what do you need to build the second strand?

A

okasaky fragments

82
Q

what enzyme fuses the okasaky fragments together

A

lygase

83
Q

what is the name of the strand that the okasaky fragments are making

A

the lagging strand

84
Q

what are the okasaky fragments made of

A

up to 1,000 nucleotids in length

85
Q

bacteria replicate at a rate of ?

A

1,000 nucleotids per second

86
Q

what enzyme is used to help correct and find mutations during DNA replication?

A

polymerase

87
Q

how many mistakes are there during bacteria DNA replication

A

1 in a billion

88
Q

in the eukaryotes where is transcription taking place?

A

in the nucleus

89
Q

in the eukaryotes where is translation taking place?

A

in the ribosomes

90
Q

what attaches to the ribosome?

A

the mRNA

91
Q

what is the job of the mRNA?

A

to copy the code and to make protein

92
Q

in the prokaryotes where is translation taking place?

A

in the nucleoid region

93
Q

in the prokaryotes where is translation taking place

A

it attaches to the ribosome in the nucleoid region

94
Q

what direction can polymerase add neucleotides?

A

in the 5’ to 3’ direction

95
Q

what is the area called where the helicases have broken the bonds of the DNA strands

A

the replication fork

96
Q

in prokaryotes what is the replication called that the helicases go in both directions from the point of origin

A

bidirectional replication

97
Q

replication in bacteria is x_____ related to the multiple directions of the replication

A

4 times in the bacteria`

98
Q

during the bridge reaction when a carbon molecule is removed from the pyruvic acid ( 3 C ) what do you get?

A

a (2 C) acetyl which is added to CoenzymeA and 2 NADH molecules

Microbiology lecture (12 decks)

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