microbiology quiz 3-31-15 Flashcards
where does the Embden Meyerhof pathway occur?
in the cytoplasm
Is oxygen required to begin the Embden Meyerhof Pathway?
no oxygen is not required
How many chemical reactions does it take to split the glucose molecule in half during the Embden Meyerhof Pathway?
10 chemical reactions need to occur to split the glucose molecule in half
how many carbons molecules are in the molecule of glucose at the start of the Embden Meyerhof Pathway?
6 carbon molecules
in the Embden Meyerhof Pathway, glucose is split into 2 molecules of what substance?
pyruvic acid
how many molecules of carbon are in each pyruvic acid?
3 carbon molecules
what is the intermediate energy molecule that cant be used immediately but can be used to make ATP?
NADH
what is the products of the EMP?
2 pyruvic acids, 4 ATP and 2 NADH
what is the net products of the EMP?
2 pyruvic acids, 2 ATP and 2 NADH
what is needed by the cell to start the EMP?
the cell needs a molecule of glucose and 2 ATP to begin the process
Name the two pathways that bacteria can take to breakdown glucose
- Pentose Phosphate Pathway
2. Entner-Doudoroff
What is the name of the process that bacteria use to breakdown glucose instead of the EMP?
Entnerd-Doudoroff
what is the name of the pathway that bacteria take to breakdown glucose simultaneously with the EMP?
the Pentose Phosphate Pathway
what is an example of a bacteria that uses the Pentose Phosphate Pathway to breakdown glucose?
Escherichia coli or Bacillus
what is the biggest benefit to a bacteria in using the Pentose Phosphate Pathway?
the bacteria can use these intermediate products for other things in the cell, like building other molecules and things in the cells
What is the product of the Pentose Phosphate Pathway?
1 ATP/glucose
Give an example of a bacteria that breaks down glucose using the Entner-Doudoroff process
Pseudomonas which is a gram - bacteria
why makes the bacteria perform the Entner-Doudoroff process versus the Pentose Phosphate Pathway?
the DNA codes for the enzymes to allow them to take each pathway
what is the products of the Entner-Doudoroff process?
1 ATP/glucose
what 2 factors determine what happens after the EMP?
- is oxygen present?
2. what type of organism do we have?
if oxygen is present after the EMP takes place than what is this called?
Aerobic respiration
where does the bridge reaction take place?
in the cytoplasm of bacteria
name the reaction that occurs between the EMP and the Krebs cycle
the bridge reaction
what is produced during the bridge reaction?
2 Acetyl CoenzymeA molecules
what is removed from each pyruvic acid molecule during the bridge reaction?
2 carbon dioxide molecules
where does the Krebs cycle occur in the prokaryotes?
in the cytoplasm
what do you need in order for the Krebs cycle to begin?
Acetyl CoenzymeA
what is the benefit of the Krebs cycle?
it produces a lot of energy
what is the 1st reaction in the Krebs cycle?
the Acetyl CoenzymeA joins with the oxaloacetate and makes citric acid
how many carbon atoms is in the Acetyl CoenzymeA
2 carbons
how many carbon atoms are in the Oxaloacetate?
4 carbons
how many carbon atoms are in the citric acid?
6 carbons
how much energy is produced during the Krebs cycle?
1 ATP
3 NADH
1 FADH2
how much energy is produced per glucose molecule during the EMP?
2 ATP
6 NADH
2 FADH2
where does the Electron Transport Chain occur?
in the plasma membrane of the prokaryotic cell
what carries the negatively charged electrons along the membrane
cytochrome molecules
how many groups of the cytochrome molecules are present?
3 groups ( high energy, lower energy, and the lowest energy)
what is supplying the electrons to the system as Hydrogen?
the intermediate energy molecules, NADH and FADH2
what is NADH and FADH2 supplying to the plasma membrane to facilitate the Electron Transport Chain?
Hydrogen atoms singly or in pairs
how much ATP is produced at each level of the Electron Transport Chain?
1 ATP at each level to equal a total of 3 ATP
what is the final electron acceptor of the Electron Transport Chain?
oxygen
how much ATP is produced for every NADH molecule that enters the E.T.C?
3 ATP per NADH
how much ATP is produced for every FADH2 molecule that enters the E.T.C?
2 ATP per FADH2 because it enters at the 2nd cytochrome level not the 1st.
what do you need to be able to perform in the ETC?
a source of electrons ( from the NADH and the FADH2)
what is the product of the ETC?
ATP
what happens to the Hydrogen molecule at the end of the ETC?
it binds with the oxygen and produces water. H2O
what accepts the Hydrogen molecule at the end of all aerobic respiration?
Oxygen
what is produced at the end of the EMP?
2 ATP and 2 NADH (6 ATP)
for every NADH molecule you get how many ATP
3 ATP per NADH
what energy is produced after the bridge reaction?
2 NADH which equals 6 ATP
what energy is produced after the Krebs cycle?
2 ATP 6 NADH (18 ATP) 2 FADH2 ( 4 ATP)
what is the total energy produced in a prokaryotic cell?
38 ATP
what is the total energy produced in a eukaryotic cell?
36 ATP because it takes 2 ATP to move to the mitochondria.
if oxygen is not present during the EMP what kind of organism do you have?
either an Obligate anaerobe or an aerotolerant bacteria
what is the product of all fermentation reactions?
2 ATP/glucose
what is the final electron acceptor is during the anaerobic process?
an organic molecule
can oxygen be the final electron acceptor during anaerobic respiration?
no
what is the name of the fermentation process that tales the 2 pyruvic acids and converts them into lactic acid?
lactic acid fermentation
what is used during the one step reaction to convert the 2 pyruvic acids to the 2 lactic acids
2 NADH
give an example of a bacteria that can live in the presence of oxygen but never uses oxygen and performs lactic acid fermentation
lactobacillus- it can be used in the presence of oxygen but NEVER uses it.
give an example of a facultative bacteria that can survive in the presence of oxygen forever on the 2 ATP
Streptococcus- its a facultative anaerobe
what is the name of the fermentation that converts the pyruvic acids during the one step reaction to 2 ethanol molecules
ethanol fermentation
what is produced during the ethanol fermentation?
carbon dioxide and ethanol
what energy is used during the one step reaction
2 NADH
give an example of ethanol fermentation
yeast, beer, wine
what is the name of the sugar additive to agar to help differentiate bacteria through fermentation?
mannitol
what is an example of a negative fermentation bacteria
S. epidermidis ( cant ferment mannitol)
what is an example of a positive fermentation bacteria
S. aureus ( can ferment mannitol)
what is the final electron acceptor is anaerobic respiration?
inorganic molecules like nitrogen and sulfur
can oxygen be the final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration?
no
what is the energy produced from anaerobic respiration
2 ATP/glucose
what bacteria use anaerobic respiration
environmentally significant bacteria
what is the positions of the two strands of DNA
antiparallel
what determines the position of the strand of DNA?
the position of the deoxyribose sugar
when the 5 carbon is positioned in the upwards position this strand is called the
5’ prime to 3’ prime strand
when the 3 carbon is positioned in the upwards position this strand is called the
3’ prime to 5’ prime strand
what is the enzyme that unzips and unwinds the 2 strands of DNA?
helicase
what is the name of the protein that holds the 2 strands of DNA apart?
SSB (single strand binding)- protein
what is the name of the strand that is in the 5’ to 3’ prime position that is made in a continuous strand
the leading strand
what is the name of the strand that is in the 3’ to 5’ prime
the parental strand
if the parental strand is in the 5’ to 3’ prime position than what do you need to build the second strand?
okasaky fragments
what enzyme fuses the okasaky fragments together
lygase
what is the name of the strand that the okasaky fragments are making
the lagging strand
what are the okasaky fragments made of
up to 1,000 nucleotids in length
bacteria replicate at a rate of ?
1,000 nucleotids per second
what enzyme is used to help correct and find mutations during DNA replication?
polymerase
how many mistakes are there during bacteria DNA replication
1 in a billion
in the eukaryotes where is transcription taking place?
in the nucleus
in the eukaryotes where is translation taking place?
in the ribosomes
what attaches to the ribosome?
the mRNA
what is the job of the mRNA?
to copy the code and to make protein
in the prokaryotes where is translation taking place?
in the nucleoid region
in the prokaryotes where is translation taking place
it attaches to the ribosome in the nucleoid region
what direction can polymerase add neucleotides?
in the 5’ to 3’ direction
what is the area called where the helicases have broken the bonds of the DNA strands
the replication fork
in prokaryotes what is the replication called that the helicases go in both directions from the point of origin
bidirectional replication
replication in bacteria is x_____ related to the multiple directions of the replication
4 times in the bacteria`
during the bridge reaction when a carbon molecule is removed from the pyruvic acid ( 3 C ) what do you get?
a (2 C) acetyl which is added to CoenzymeA and 2 NADH molecules
