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Microbiology lecture > microbiology quiz 4-21-15 > Flashcards

microbiology quiz 4-21-15 Flashcards

1
Q

what process destroys all microbes, including viruses and endospores on inanimate objects

A

sterilization

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2
Q

what process destroys vegetative pathogens but not endospores on inanimate objects

A

disinfection

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3
Q

what process is when disinfectants are directly applied to exposed body surfaces

A

antiseptic

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4
Q

what process decreases the amount of microbes to meet public health standards, using hot water and detergents, on inanimate objects

A

sanitization

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5
Q

what process is the destruction, removal or reduction in the number of undesirable microbes

A

decontamination

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6
Q

what cleansing technique prevents the entry of microorganisms into sterile tissues

A

aseptic

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7
Q

what cleansing technique removes microorganisms and debris from living tissue

A

degermation

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8
Q

what is the growth of microorganisms in tissues called

A

sepsis

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9
Q

what 2 microbes have the highest level of resistance

A

prions

endospores

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10
Q

what is the best method at killing endospores

A

the autoclave

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11
Q

how many times more resistant are endospores compared to vegetative bacteria to heat

A

1 and 1/2 times more resistant

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12
Q

how many times more resistant are endospores compared to vegetative bacteria to radiation

A

4 times

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13
Q

what moderate resistant bacteria is the #1 killer in burn patients

A

Pseudomonas

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14
Q

name 3 moderately resistant bacteria

A

Pseudomonas, Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacteriaum tuberculosis

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15
Q

true of false

moderately resistant bacteria are less likely to be resistant to drugs

A

false

they are highly drug resistant

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16
Q

true of false

moderately resistant bacteria are less likely to be resistant to drugs

A

false

they are highly drug resistant

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17
Q

how resistant are protozoan cysts

A

moderately resistant- the cyst is the resistant protective stage.

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18
Q

name a parasite that is moderately resistant to antimicrobial actions

A

Giardia

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19
Q

which category is the least resistive and easier to kill

A

relative resistance

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20
Q

true or false

fungal spores and hypea are least resistant and easier to kill

A

true

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21
Q

true or false

fungal spores and hypea are least resistant and easier to kill

A

true

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22
Q

true or false

enveloped viruses are easier to get rid of than non enveloped viruses

A

true, once the envelope is removed the virus will die

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23
Q

what type of protozoan stage is the easiest to kill and why

A

the trophozoite stage, because they are active and feeding, not protected in the cyst

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24
Q

name a factor that would influence how effective an antimicrobial agents is

A
  1. length of exposure to the agent
  2. number of microbes present
  3. nature of the microbes
  4. mode of action of the agent
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25
Q

what type of microbial agent will allow the bacteria to continue to grow but will prevent reproduction of new growth

A

microbiostatic

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26
Q

give an example of a antimicrobial agent that is microbiostatic

A

Penicillin

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27
Q

what type of microbial agent will kill a microbe directly and cause immediate lysis of cells

A

microbiocidal

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28
Q

give an example of a antimicrobial agent that is microbiocidal

A

tetracycline

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29
Q

how does tetracycline act on microbes

A

it targets the 70s ribosomes and destroys them, the bacteria are unable to make proteins and they die

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30
Q

name a factor that could influence the effectiveness o antimicrobial agents

A
  1. the concentration of the agent
  2. pH and temperature of environment
  3. inhibitors in the environment
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31
Q

name the 3 microbial control methods that are outside of the body

A
  1. physical agents
    2, mechanical removal methods
  2. chemical agents
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32
Q

name the best physical agent at controlling microbes outside of the body

A

heat by using the autoclave

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33
Q

give an example of how heat destroys microbes

A
  1. it denatures the protein
  2. it destroys the membrane
  3. the DNA is broken down
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34
Q

give an example of how heat destroys microbes

A
  1. it denatures the protein
  2. it destroys the membrane
  3. the DNA is broken down
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35
Q

why is desiccation not an effective way to control bacteria

A

because desiccation happens in relation to removing water from the cells to slow the microbes growth, once water is reintroduced it will retain its ability to grow.

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36
Q

what method of microbial control methods is used to preserve food, media and cultures

A

cold

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37
Q

when using radiation as a microbial control method, which method is used to preserve food

A

ionizing radiation

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38
Q

when using radiation as a microbial control method, which method is used to restrict the growth of bacteria in the lab setting

A

nonionizing radiation

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39
Q

which type of radiation causes thymine dimers

A

uv radiation (nonionizing)

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40
Q

what is the physical removal of microbes by passing a gas or liquid through a filter

A

mechanical removal method using filtration

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41
Q

when using chemical agents to control microbes, which agent denatures the protein

A

chlorine

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42
Q

when using chemical agents to control microbes, which agent inhibits/ inactivates the protein

A

iodine or heavy metals

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43
Q

when using chemical agents to control microbes, which agent disrupts the plasma membrane

A

phenols

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44
Q

give an example of a chlorine

A

bleach

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45
Q

give an example of a iodine

A

iodophors and tinctures

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46
Q

give an example of a phenol

A

Lysol, hibiclens, triclosan

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47
Q

give an example of heavy metals

A

silver, sulfadiazine ointment

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48
Q

which type of antimicrobial drugs are produced by the natural microbes that inhibits the growth of another microbe

A

a true antibiotic

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49
Q

which type of antimicrobial drugs are chemically modified from the natural sources

A

semisynthetic

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50
Q

which type of antimicrobial drugs are synthesized in the lab through chemical reactions

A

true synthetic drugs

51
Q

which type of antimicrobial drugs are synthesized in the lab through chemical reactions

A

true synthetic drugs

52
Q

which type of antimicrobial drug is effective against a wide variety of microbes

A

broad spectrum

53
Q

what type of bacteria would a broad spectrum antimicrobial drug treat

A

gram positive

gram negative

54
Q

give an example of a broad spectrum drug

A

tetracycline
quinolones
flagyl

55
Q

give an example of an intermediate spectrum drug

A

ampicillin
cephalexin
erythromycin
sulfa/trimethoprim

56
Q

what type of bacteria would be treated with a narrow spectrum drug

A

Gram positive

gram negative

57
Q

what type of antimicrobial drug is effective against a limited array of microbes

A

narrow spectrum drugs

58
Q

give an example of a narrow spectrum drug that is effective against gram positive bacteria

A

penicillin G &V
bacitracin
vancomycin

59
Q

give an example of a narrow spectrum drug that is effective against gram negative bacteria

A

polymyxin B

streptomycin

60
Q

which bacteria produces 2/3 of all antimicrobial drugs

A

Streptomyces

61
Q

name a antimicrobial drug that is made by the bacteria streptomyces

A

streptomycin
erythromycin
tetracycline
vancomycin

62
Q

name a antimicrobial drug that is made by the bacteria bacillus

A

bacitracin

Polymyxin B

63
Q

name a antimicrobial drug that is made by the mold penicillium

A

penicillin

64
Q

name a antimicrobial drug that is made by the mold cephalosporium

A

Cephalexin ( Keflex)

65
Q

name two bacteria that are used to create antimicrobial drugs

A

Streptomyces

bacillus

66
Q

name two molds that are used to create antimicrobial drugs

A

cephalosporium

penicillium

67
Q

what would be a major characteristic of the ideal antimicrobial drug

A

it would be selectively toxic

microbiocidal rather than microbiostatic

68
Q

name the two most prominent beta-lactams

A

penicillin and cephalosporin’s

69
Q

name an antimicrobial drug whose mechanism of action is, to block synthesis and repair of the cell wall

A

penicillin and cephalosporin’s

70
Q

name an antimicrobial drug whose mechanism of action is, it causes loss of selective permeability to the cell membrane

A

polymyxin’s

71
Q

name an antimicrobial drug whose mechanism of action is on the DNA, by inhibiting replication and transcription by inhibiting unwinding enzymes

A

Quinolones

72
Q

name an antimicrobial drug whose mechanism of action is on the RNA, by inhibiting RNA polymerase

73
Q

name an antimicrobial drug whose mechanism of action is by inhibiting protein synthesis on ribosomes 50s subunit

A

erythromycin

clindamycin

74
Q

name an antimicrobial drug whose mechanism of action is by inhibiting protein synthesis of ribosomes 30s subunit

A

gentamycin
streptomycin
tetracycline

75
Q

name an antimicrobial drug whose mechanism of action is by inhibiting protein synthesis of ribosomes 30s subunit

A

gentamycin
streptomycin
tetracycline

76
Q

name an antimicrobial drug whose mechanism of action is by inhibiting protein synthesis of ribosomes 30s and 50s

77
Q

name an antimicrobial drug whose mechanism of action is on the metabolic pathways, by blocking pathways and inhibits metabolism

A

sulfa drugs

trimethoprim

78
Q

drugs that target cell wall and account for 1/2 of the antimicrobial drugs are known as

A

beta-lactam antimicrobials

79
Q

what are the 2 most prominent beta-lactam antimicrobials

A

penicillin

cephalosporin’s

80
Q

which part of the penicillin molecule is common in all penicillin

A

the beta-lactam ring

81
Q

which part of the penicillin molecule is the variable part that dictates the microbes activity

A

the side chain

82
Q

why would targeting the cell wall be an important factor of a antimicrobial drug

A

because humans do not have a cell wall

83
Q

what differentiates 1 penicillin from another

A

the side chain differs

84
Q

name a narrow spectrum true antimicrobial

A

penicillin G & V

85
Q

name a narrow spectrum semisynthetic antimicrobial

A

oxacillin

methicillin

86
Q

name a broad spectrum semisynthetic antimicrobial

A

ampicillin
amoxicillin
carbenicillin
piperacillin

87
Q

what accounts for 1/3 of all antimicrobial’s administered

A

cephalosporin’s

88
Q

what accounts for 1/3 of all antimicrobial’s administered

A

cephalosporin’s

89
Q

what synthetically altered beta-lactam structure has 2 side chains

A

cephalosporin’s

90
Q

name a non beta-lactam cell wall inhibitor

A

vancomycin

91
Q

what is the most effective antimicrobial drug used in the treatment of Staphylococcus infections

A

vancomycin

92
Q

what true antimicrobial,narrow spectrum, non beta-lactam is produced by a strain of Bacillus subtilis

A

bacitracin

93
Q

what non beta-lactam is used to treat mycobacterium tuberculosis

94
Q

name a antibacterial drug that targets cell wall

A

penicillin
vancomycin
bacitracin
isoniazid

95
Q

name a beta-lactam that targets the cell wall

A

penicillin

96
Q

name a non beta-lactam that targets the cell wall

A

vancomycin
bacitracin
isoniazid

97
Q

name a non beta-lactam that targets the cell wall

A

vancomycin
bacitracin
isoniazid

98
Q

name an antimicrobial drug that disrupts cell membrane function by targeting the cell membrane

99
Q

what antimicrobial drug interacts with the phospholipids and causes severe leakage, particularly in gram negative bacteria

100
Q

what drug resistant bacteria is treated with Polymyxin

A

pseudomonas aeruginosa and severe UTI

101
Q

what antifungal drugs target cell membrane by targeting the sterols

A

amphotericin B and nystatin

102
Q

how does amphotericin B and nystatin affect microbes

A

by targeting the sterols in the cell membranes

103
Q

if a drug looks like or acts like something else, this is known as a

104
Q

what is the name of the antimicrobial drug that inhibits DNA and mRNA from being made

A

quinolones

105
Q

how do drugs affect nucleic acid synthesis

A

they block synthesis of nucleotides
the inhibit replication ( helicases, SSB, Polymerase)
stops transcription

106
Q

how does tetracycline block protein synthesis

A

it blocks attachment of tRNA on the A receptor site

107
Q

where does tetracycline attach on the ribosome

A

on the 30s subunit but in the A binding site of the ribosome and protein synthesis stops

108
Q

where does tetracycline attach on the ribosome

A

on the 30s subunit but in the A binding site of the ribosome and protein synthesis stops

109
Q

what is the name of the antimicrobial drug that blocks protein synthesis by attaching itself to the ribosomal 50s subunit and prevents the ribosome from shifting down to the next site

A

Erythromycin

110
Q

how does Erythromycin block protein synthesis

A

by attaching itself to the 50s subunit where the mRNA attaches and prevents it from shifting down

111
Q

drugs that affect metabolic pathways block enzymes required fro folic acid synthesis are known as

A

sulfonamides

112
Q

when sulfonamides are introduced it competes with the normal substrate for the enzymes active site. this is known as

A

competitive inhibition

113
Q

what prevents the PABA from binding to the substrate

A

sulfonamides

114
Q

when bacteria became resistant to Methacillinase where was the gene located

A

on the chromosome

115
Q

when the Enterococcus bacteria became resistant to vancomycin where what the gene located

A

on the transposon

116
Q

how was the resistance gene transferred from the Enterococcus bacteria to the Staphylococcus aureus bacteria

A

through conjugation

117
Q

when sulfonamides are introduced it competes with the normal substrate PABA the enzymes active site. this is known as

A

competitive inhibition

118
Q

how was the resistance gene transferred from the Enterococcus bacteria to the Staphylococcus aureus bacteria

A

through conjugation

119
Q

Staphylococcus aureus became resistant to penicillin. where is the gene located for this resistance and what enzyme did it develop

A

on the plasmid, B-lactamase

120
Q

what did the Staphylococcus aureus bacteria develop to become resistant to penicillin

A

an enzyme called penicillinase

121
Q

name one of the naturally produced Penicillin drugs

A

Penicillin G or V

121
Q

name one of the naturally produced Penicillin drugs

A

Penicillin G or V

122
Q

true of false

the gene that codes for resistance to Methicillin is carried on a plasmid instead of on the microbes chromosome

Microbiology lecture (12 decks)

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