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Microbiology lecture > microbiology quiz 2-18-15 > Flashcards

microbiology quiz 2-18-15 Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the name of the cocci , that divide in pairs?

A

diplococci

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2
Q

what is the name of the bacilli, that divide in pairs?

A

diplobacilli

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3
Q

does the gram + cell wall have an outer membrane?

A

no

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4
Q

what is the name of the cocci that divides in irregular clusters?

A

staphylococci

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5
Q

what is the name of the bacilli that divide into chains?

A

streptobacilli

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6
Q

what is the chemical composition of a gram – cell wall?

A

Lipopolysaccharide ( LPS) and peptidoglycan

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7
Q

what is the chemical composition of a gram + cell wall?

A

peptidoglycan and teichoic acid

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8
Q

does a gram– cell wall have a periplasmic space?

A

yes it is a thick, viscous, gelatinous layer

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9
Q

does a gram + cell wall have a periplasmic space?

A

yes but it is extremely thin

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10
Q

does a gram – cell wall have an outer membrane?

A

yes

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11
Q

what is the name of the cocci that divide into groups of four?

A

tetrad

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12
Q

what is the name of the cocci that divide into chains?

A

streptococci

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13
Q

which group of bacteria (demonstrated by gram stain) have a thin peptidoglycan layer and cell wall?

A

gram – bacteria ( stain red)

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14
Q

what are the fine protein hair like bristles emerging from the bacterial cell surface called?

A

fimbriae

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15
Q

name the 2 major groups of bacterial external structures known as appendages

A
  1. those that provide motility- flagella and axial filaments
  2. those that provide attachment- fimbriae and pili
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16
Q

which group of bacteria (demonstrated by gram stain) have a thick peptidoglycan layer and cell membrane?

A

gram + bacteria ( stain purple)

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17
Q

what is the purpose of the flagella?

A

motility, it rotates 360 degrees and moves the bacterial cell in a run and tumble motion

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18
Q

what is the name of the coating of molecules external to the cell wall, made of polysaccharides or polyproteins?

A

Glycocalyx - its a sugar coating that is used for attachment, evading phagocytosis, protects it from drying out and protects it from chemotoxins

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19
Q

what is the filament made up of?

A

a protein called flagellin, its approximately 20nm in diameter and 1 to 70um in length

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20
Q

what is the counter-clock-wise motion of the flagella called and how does it affect the bacteria?

A

this is called “run” and it moves the bacteria forward

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21
Q

what is the clock-wise motion of the flagella called and how does if affect the bacteria?

A

this is called “tumble” and it stops the bacteria it tumbles and changes direction

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22
Q

what is the purpose of the “run” and “tumble” motion of the bacteria?

A

it is to evade or move toward things its trying to reach or avoid

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23
Q

name the 3 parts of the flagella

A
  1. the filament
  2. the hook- is the sheath anchored to the cell by the basil body
  3. the basil body- is a stack of rings firmly anchored through the cell wall to the cell membrane
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24
Q

name the 2 types of glycocalyx

A
  1. slime layer

2. capsule

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25
Q

what glycocalyx layer is loosely organized, loosely attached, has holes in it, and is not solid?

A

the slime layer

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26
Q

what glycocalyx layer is organized, tightly attached, continuous solid layer?

A

the capsule

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27
Q

T or F

bacteria that have a capsule are more likely to cause disease, reproduce and hang around longer?

A

true

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28
Q

what is the term for a bacteria’s transferring of the genetic information from one bacterial cell to another via the pillus?

A

conjugation

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29
Q

T or F

all bacteria are able to perform conjugation?

A

false

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30
Q

which type of bacteria ( through gram staining) are more likely to perform conjugation?

A

gram -

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31
Q

how do spirillum/ spirilla move?

A

they move by a polar flagella, can be single or in tufts, they swim by rotation,

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32
Q

what is the rigid structure made of pilin protein and what is its function?

A

the pili, it joins bacterial cells for partial DNA transfer called conjugation ( sex bridge) and is found in gram - cells

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33
Q

what bacterial shape has a rigid helix and is mobile with a polar flagella?

A

spirillum ( single) spirilla (pleural)

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34
Q

what is the cocci arrangement that divides in groups of 4?

A

tetrad

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35
Q

what is the name of the cocci arrangement that divides into pairs?

A

diplococci

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36
Q

what is the cocci arrangement that divides into chains?

A

streptococci

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37
Q

what are the flexible bacterial shape, that move by means of axial filaments?

A

spirochete

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38
Q

what is the helical bacteria shape, that is like a loose “s” shape and move by polar flagella?

A

spirillum

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39
Q

what term is used to describe a motile bacteria having a tuft of flagella at one end?

A

lophotrichous

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40
Q

what term is used to describe a motile bacteria having a single flagellum at one end?

A

monotrichous

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41
Q

what term is used to describe a motile bacteria having flagella dispersed all over the surface of the cell?

A

peritrichous

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42
Q

what term is used to describe a motile bacteria having flagella at both ends of the cell?

A

amphitrichous

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43
Q

what is the function of the run and tumble motion?

A

this allows the bacteria to respond to its elements

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44
Q

what is the name of the cocci arrangement that presents as a cluster?

A

staphylococci

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45
Q

name the arrangement of elongated bacteria that divide into pairs

A

diplobacilli

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46
Q

name the arrangement of elongated bacteria that line up in a chain

A

streptobacilli

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47
Q

what is the name of the cell wall that is composed of proteins and carbohydrates arranged in a lattice pattern NAM NAG?

A

peptidoglycan

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48
Q

what is the action of the prokaryotic flagellum?

A

rotation

49
Q

what genius of bacteria does not have a cell wall?

A

a mycoplasma, it contains sterols that make it resistant to lysis.

50
Q

what type of bacteria can vary their shape?

A

mycoplasmas

51
Q

what is the property of extreme variations in shape by mycoplasmas called?

A

pleomorphism

52
Q

a prokaryotic structure that is composed of the protein pilin and functions in conjugation also known as horizontal gene transfer

A

pili

53
Q

what is it called when bacteria cling together in complex masses?

A

biofilms

54
Q

name the comma shaped prokaryotic cells

A

vibrio

55
Q

what is the name of the cocci that divide into irregular clusters?

A

staphylococci

56
Q

what is the type of bacilli that divide into chains?

A

streptobacilli

57
Q

what is the prokaryotic arrangement that is round called?

A

coccus ( single) cocci (pleural)

58
Q

how do spirochetes move?

A

they have hair like filaments that wrap around it, contained within a sheath, it constricts and relaxes. these are called periplasmic flagella or endoflagella or axial filaments

59
Q

what is the chemically complex external covering on the majority of bacteria called?

A

it is called the cell envelope and it encloses the cytoplasm

60
Q

what type of effect does an endotoxin have on the body?

A

systemic, fever, inflammation, weakness, shock, drop in blood pressure

61
Q

how does a periplasmic flagella or axial filament produce cellular motility?

A

the internal flagella located between the outer sheath and the peptidoglycan cell wall contracts and twists to produce motion

62
Q

what is the function of the fimbriae?

A

the fimbriae is used for attachment. it adheres the bacteria to other cells and surfaces.

63
Q

domain bacteria all have what type of cell wall composition?

A

peptidoglycan

64
Q

name the flagellar arrangements that presents as small tufts emerging from the same site

A

lophotrichous

65
Q

name the flagellar arrangement that presents with flagella on both ends of the cell

A

amphitrichous

66
Q

name the 3 parts of the flagella

A

the filament
the hook
the basil body

67
Q

what type of cell reproduces through conjugation?

A

prokaryotic cells / bacteria

68
Q

name the species that is known as a pleomorphism?

A

mycoplasma

69
Q

what is the exchange of DNA that prokaryotic cells go through?

A

conjugation

70
Q

how many planes does a cocci divide

A

multiple planes

71
Q

how many planes does a bacilli divide

A

one

72
Q

name the flagellar arrangement that the flagella are dispersed over the surface of the cell

A

peritrichous

73
Q

what is the rod shaped prokaryotic cells called

A

bacillus- singular
bacilli- pleural
coccobacillus- both

74
Q

what is a cell called that has the ability to change shape or is likely to change shape?

A

pleomorphism

75
Q

what is the name of the rigid spiral shaped bacteria?

A

spirillum (singular))

spirilla ( pleural)

76
Q

which bacteria is a flexible helix with an endoflagella ( axial filament) that moves through contraction and relatxation?

A

spirochete

77
Q

what type of cell has no membrane bound organelles?

A

prokaryotic cells

78
Q

what is the name of the pleomorphic bacteria that causes diphtheriae

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

79
Q

bacteria that are able to change their shape are called what?

A

pleomorphism

80
Q

what is the name of the spirochete that causes syphilis?

A

Treponema pallidum

81
Q

what is the spirochete that causes Lyme’s disease?

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

82
Q

what bacillus shaped bacteria has square ends ( like bamboo) that causes anthrax?

A

Streptobacilli

83
Q

what common bacillus shaped bacteria has round ends?

A

Escherichia coli

84
Q

what curved shaped bacteria causes cholerae?

A

vibrio cholerae

85
Q

what spirillum shaped bacteria causes rat bite fever?

A

spirillum minor

86
Q

what is the shape of bacteria that is fexable, not rigi, has a periplasmic flagella, swims by rotation or creeping on surfaces?

A

spirochete

87
Q

what is the shape of bacteria that is rigid, mostly pathogenic, polar flagella and swims by rotation?

A

spirillum

88
Q

what are the two most common shaped bacteria

A

coccus and bacillus

89
Q

name the curved shaped bacteria

A

vibrio
spirillum
spirochete

90
Q

name the elongated shaped bacteria

A

bacillus

bacilli

91
Q

name the round shape bacteria

A

coccus

cocci

92
Q

how are bacteria identified?

A

shape
arrangement
cell wall

93
Q

name the 3 parts of the flagella

A

filament
hook
basil body

94
Q

name the bacteria that attaches to a cells of sperm r/t the proteins in the fimbriae

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

95
Q

which bacteria have axial filaments ( periplasmic flagella)

A

spirochetes

96
Q

what is the function of the periplasmic flagella of the spirochete?

A

motility

97
Q

name the 5 external structures of the prokaryotic cell

A 
flagellum
axial filaments
fimbriae
pili
glycocalyx
98
Q

how many pili are present in a bacterial cell

A

usually 1

99
Q

how do you differentiate pili from fimbriae

A

they are longer, thicker and hollow tubes

100
Q

what are pili made of

A

a protein called pilin

101
Q

what is the function of the pili?

A

for DNA transfer from one bacteria cell to another.

102
Q

what is the name of the 4 amino acids that are attached to the peptid change

A

tetra peptid chain

103
Q

what is the name of the 1-5 amino acids that are attached to the tetra peptid chain

A

cross bridge

104
Q

what type of bacteria have no flagella and what are they called?

A

cocci are atrichous

105
Q

name a bacteria that is peritrichous

A

Proteus mirabilis

106
Q

what substance makes the best antigen

A

proteins, than carbohydrates

107
Q

what substance makes the worse antigen

A

lipids

108
Q

name two bacteria that have a very thick capsule

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae diplococci and Klebsiella pneumonia

109
Q

what is the function of the glycocalyx:

A 
attachment
protection from dehydration
protection from phagocytosis
can be used as a source of nutrients
protects it from ABT chemicals
110
Q

what do gram + cell walls consist of

A

peptidoglycan and teichoic acids

111
Q

what is the purpose of the teichoic acids

A

they have a negative charge
they are made of glycerol, sugar and phosphate
function is to regulate cation movements
storage of phosphorous
regulate the bacteria ability to get bigger

112
Q

what is lysis

A

it is a process of cell destruction

113
Q

what is the outer layer of the gram - cells wall function?

A

as a barrier against certain drugs
has a negative charge to help repel phagocytosis
imbedded in its membrane is lipopolysaccharides

114
Q

what part of the lipopolysaccharide produces an endotoxin

A

the lipid portion as it broken down the endotoxin is released

115
Q

name the layers of the gram + cell wall

A

peptidoglycan, cell membrane

116
Q

name the layers of the gram - cell wall

A

outer membrane, periplasmic space, peptidoglycan layer, periplasmic space than the cell membrane

117
Q

what round shaped bacteria in chains causes pneumonia?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

118
Q

what is the name of the bacteria that causes a sore throat?

A

Streptococcus pyogenes

Microbiology lecture (12 decks)

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