microbiology quiz 4-28-15 Flashcards
what two ways do bacteria acquire drug resistance
- spontaneous mutation
2. horizontal transfer
when a bacteria develops an enzyme that inactivates the drug this is called
drug inactivation mechanism
when a microbe alters the receptors and becomes resistant to drugs this is called
decreased permeability
when a microbe has specialized membrane proteins that pump the drug out of the cell this is called
activation of drug pumps
when a microbe has the ability to change the alternate binding sites shape so that the drug cant bind this is called
change in drug binding site
when a microbe has the ability to inhibit metabolic pathways and can create an alternate unblocked pathway this is called
use of an alternate metabolic pathway
when normal flora are killed off by a drug and the resistant bacteria begin to grow and flourish this is known as
natural selection
name a side effect of an anti microbial drug
toxicity
allergy
disruption of normal flora
what is the cause of a superinfection
when a drug kills off the normal flora and the pathogens overgrows in the intestines and creates an infection
what is the name of the test used to show is a bacteria is sensitive to a drug
Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test
if the zones of inhibition are combined between two organisms this area is called is know as
the synergistic effect
what is a characteristic of staphylococcus
large round clusters
pyogenic- pus production
catalase +
what is the name of the normal flora of the skin
Staphylococcus epidermidis
where can Staphylococcus epidermidis be found besides the skin
upper respiratory tract eyes ear canal urinary tract GI tract
what are the 2 opportunistic infections caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis
Endocarditis
Prosthetic devices
what area of the body do Gram + cocci like to target
the heart
what area of the body do Gram + cocci like to target
the heart
what is the #1 nosocomial infection caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis
Sepsis
how many nosocomial cases a year are caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis
2 to 4 million
how many deaths a year are linked to Staphylococcus epidermidis
90,000 deaths
what is the leading cause of UTI infections in young females
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
what is the treatment of Staphylococcus saprophyticus UTIs in females
a drug that is specific to Gram + cocci
what is the treatment of Staphylococcus saprophyticus UTIs in females
a drug that is specific to Gram + cocci
what are the characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus
Gram + catalase + clusters nosocomial infections drug resistance coagulase +
what color are the colonies of Staphylococcus aureus
golden yellow
what color are the colonies of Staphylococcus epidermidis
white
what is the results of a coagulase test when used on Staphylococcus aureus
positive- fibrin clot forms within 30 seconds
give an example of a local infection from Staphylococcus aureus
pimples outer ear infection boils folliculitis abscess impetigo
what is the name of the boil that is large and found usually on the neck or back
carbuncle
what is the name of the boil that is smaller in size and found not on the neck or back
furuncle
what is the name of the local infection that presents as clusters of inflamed papules and pustules from Staphylococcus aureus
folliculitis
what is the name of the local infection that presents as a deep pocket of pus from Staphylococcus aureus
abscess
what is the name of the local infection that is highly contagious, found in children, spread to adults from Staphylococcus aureus
impetigo
Give an example of a serious infection from Staphylococcus aureus
pneumonia meningitis endocarditis myocarditis pericarditis
Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for 40% of most cases of this infection
Pericarditis
Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for this #1 leading cause of nosocomial infection
Pneumonia
what is the #1 cause of nosocomial Pneumonia in sick and compromised patients
Staphylococcus aureus
what is the #1 cause of nosocomial sepsis in sick and compromised patients
Staphylococcus epidermidis
what is the #1 cause of Pericarditis in people
Staphylococcus aureus
true or false
Staphylococcus aureus is the #1 cause of nosocomial Pericarditis is patients
false- it is the #1 cause in people outside of the hospital setting
what is the name of the toxin that has generalized effects on the human body
endotoxin
what is the name of the toxin that has disease specific effects on the human body
exotoxin
gram + bacteria have what type of toxins
exotoxins
gram - bacteria have what type of toxins
endotoxins
which type of bacteria have a chemical composition of Lipid A
gram - bacteria
which type of bacteria have a chemical composition of small proteins
gram + bacteria
what type of bacteria are toxic in small amounts
gram + bacteria, exotoxins
what type of bacteria are toxic in higher doses
gram - bacteria, endotoxins
what type of toxins are unstable in heat
exotoxins, gram + bacteria
what type of toxins stimulate an antitoxin affect
exotoxins, gram + bacteria
what type of toxin does not stimulate an antitoxin affect
endotoxin, gram - bacteria
how is the exotoxins released
they are secreted from the live cell
how is the endotoxins released
they are released from the cell wall during lysis
what is the name of the chemical that endotoxins produce after phagocytosis
interleukin 1
what is the name of the chemical that is produced in response to the interleukin 1 when it travels to the hypothalamus
prostaglandins
what is the name of the chemical that resets the thermostat of the hypothalamus to induce fever
prostaglandins
what is the name of the disease that is caused by the release of an exfoliatin toxin that acts on the epidermis
Scaled skin syndrome
what is the 3 potential outcomes from scaled skin syndrome
bacteremia
sepsis
death
What is the name of the disease that is caused by the misuse of tampons
Toxic shock syndrome
toxic shock syndrome is caused by what toxin?
exotoxin C ,
what is the name of the 2 most common enterotoxin that is the cause of food poisoning from Staphylococcus
exotoxins A and D
the toxins produced Clostridium tetani are exotoxins of the type called
neurotoxins
the toxins produced Clostridium tetani are exotoxins of the type called
neurotoxins
the toxin produced by Corynebacterium diptheria are exotoxins of the type called
cytotoxins
the toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus are exotoxins of the type called
enterotoxin
name the type of disease caused by exotoxin, A and D production by Staphylococcus aureus
food poisoning
the mechanism of fever stimulated by endotoxin occurs do to the release of ________________ by the hypothalamus of the brain
prostaglandins
which is most likely to stimulate anti-toxin production, exotoxin or endotoxin?
extoxin
true or false
Scalded skin syndrom is a disease of the epidermis in infants that may lead to bacteremia, septicemia and even death
true
testing for the production of the enzyme ____________will differentiate Staphylococcus from Streptococcus
catalase
name the species of Staphylococcus that causes UTI’s
Staphylococcus saprophyticus
name the very contagious skin infection common in day care centers caused by Staphylococcus aureus
impetigo
list a mechanism of drug resistance, besides the production of an enzyme to inactivate a drug
activation of drug pumps
decreased permeability
use of alternate metabolic pathway
change in the drug binding site
true or false
about 2 to 4 million cases of nosocomial infections occur in the US each year.
true
name 2 serious, potentially life threatening, infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus
meningitis pneumonia pericarditis myocarditis endocarditis
