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Microbiology lecture > microbiology quiz 4-28-15 > Flashcards

microbiology quiz 4-28-15 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what two ways do bacteria acquire drug resistance

A
  1. spontaneous mutation

2. horizontal transfer

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2
Q

when a bacteria develops an enzyme that inactivates the drug this is called

A

drug inactivation mechanism

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3
Q

when a microbe alters the receptors and becomes resistant to drugs this is called

A

decreased permeability

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4
Q

when a microbe has specialized membrane proteins that pump the drug out of the cell this is called

A

activation of drug pumps

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5
Q

when a microbe has the ability to change the alternate binding sites shape so that the drug cant bind this is called

A

change in drug binding site

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6
Q

when a microbe has the ability to inhibit metabolic pathways and can create an alternate unblocked pathway this is called

A

use of an alternate metabolic pathway

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7
Q

when normal flora are killed off by a drug and the resistant bacteria begin to grow and flourish this is known as

A

natural selection

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8
Q

name a side effect of an anti microbial drug

A

toxicity
allergy
disruption of normal flora

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9
Q

what is the cause of a superinfection

A

when a drug kills off the normal flora and the pathogens overgrows in the intestines and creates an infection

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10
Q

what is the name of the test used to show is a bacteria is sensitive to a drug

A

Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion test

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11
Q

if the zones of inhibition are combined between two organisms this area is called is know as

A

the synergistic effect

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12
Q

what is a characteristic of staphylococcus

A

large round clusters
pyogenic- pus production
catalase +

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13
Q

what is the name of the normal flora of the skin

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis

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14
Q

where can Staphylococcus epidermidis be found besides the skin

A 
upper respiratory tract
eyes 
ear canal
urinary tract
GI tract
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15
Q

what are the 2 opportunistic infections caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis

A

Endocarditis

Prosthetic devices

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16
Q

what area of the body do Gram + cocci like to target

A

the heart

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17
Q

what area of the body do Gram + cocci like to target

A

the heart

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18
Q

what is the #1 nosocomial infection caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis

A

Sepsis

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19
Q

how many nosocomial cases a year are caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis

A

2 to 4 million

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20
Q

how many deaths a year are linked to Staphylococcus epidermidis

A

90,000 deaths

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21
Q

what is the leading cause of UTI infections in young females

A

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

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22
Q

what is the treatment of Staphylococcus saprophyticus UTIs in females

A

a drug that is specific to Gram + cocci

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23
Q

what is the treatment of Staphylococcus saprophyticus UTIs in females

A

a drug that is specific to Gram + cocci

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24
Q

what are the characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus

A 
Gram +
catalase +
clusters
nosocomial infections
drug resistance 
coagulase +
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25
Q

what color are the colonies of Staphylococcus aureus

A

golden yellow

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26
Q

what color are the colonies of Staphylococcus epidermidis

A

white

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27
Q

what is the results of a coagulase test when used on Staphylococcus aureus

A

positive- fibrin clot forms within 30 seconds

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28
Q

give an example of a local infection from Staphylococcus aureus

A 
pimples
outer ear infection
boils
folliculitis
abscess
impetigo
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29
Q

what is the name of the boil that is large and found usually on the neck or back

A

carbuncle

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30
Q

what is the name of the boil that is smaller in size and found not on the neck or back

A

furuncle

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31
Q

what is the name of the local infection that presents as clusters of inflamed papules and pustules from Staphylococcus aureus

A

folliculitis

32
Q

what is the name of the local infection that presents as a deep pocket of pus from Staphylococcus aureus

A

abscess

33
Q

what is the name of the local infection that is highly contagious, found in children, spread to adults from Staphylococcus aureus

A

impetigo

34
Q

Give an example of a serious infection from Staphylococcus aureus

A 
pneumonia
meningitis
endocarditis
myocarditis
pericarditis
35
Q

Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for 40% of most cases of this infection

A

Pericarditis

36
Q

Staphylococcus aureus is responsible for this #1 leading cause of nosocomial infection

A

Pneumonia

37
Q

what is the #1 cause of nosocomial Pneumonia in sick and compromised patients

A

Staphylococcus aureus

38
Q

what is the #1 cause of nosocomial sepsis in sick and compromised patients

A

Staphylococcus epidermidis

39
Q

what is the #1 cause of Pericarditis in people

A

Staphylococcus aureus

40
Q

true or false

Staphylococcus aureus is the #1 cause of nosocomial Pericarditis is patients

A

false- it is the #1 cause in people outside of the hospital setting

41
Q

what is the name of the toxin that has generalized effects on the human body

A

endotoxin

42
Q

what is the name of the toxin that has disease specific effects on the human body

A

exotoxin

43
Q

gram + bacteria have what type of toxins

A

exotoxins

44
Q

gram - bacteria have what type of toxins

A

endotoxins

45
Q

which type of bacteria have a chemical composition of Lipid A

A

gram - bacteria

46
Q

which type of bacteria have a chemical composition of small proteins

A

gram + bacteria

47
Q

what type of bacteria are toxic in small amounts

A

gram + bacteria, exotoxins

48
Q

what type of bacteria are toxic in higher doses

A

gram - bacteria, endotoxins

49
Q

what type of toxins are unstable in heat

A

exotoxins, gram + bacteria

50
Q

what type of toxins stimulate an antitoxin affect

A

exotoxins, gram + bacteria

51
Q

what type of toxin does not stimulate an antitoxin affect

A

endotoxin, gram - bacteria

52
Q

how is the exotoxins released

A

they are secreted from the live cell

53
Q

how is the endotoxins released

A

they are released from the cell wall during lysis

54
Q

what is the name of the chemical that endotoxins produce after phagocytosis

A

interleukin 1

55
Q

what is the name of the chemical that is produced in response to the interleukin 1 when it travels to the hypothalamus

A

prostaglandins

56
Q

what is the name of the chemical that resets the thermostat of the hypothalamus to induce fever

A

prostaglandins

57
Q

what is the name of the disease that is caused by the release of an exfoliatin toxin that acts on the epidermis

A

Scaled skin syndrome

58
Q

what is the 3 potential outcomes from scaled skin syndrome

A

bacteremia
sepsis
death

59
Q

What is the name of the disease that is caused by the misuse of tampons

A

Toxic shock syndrome

60
Q

toxic shock syndrome is caused by what toxin?

A

exotoxin C ,

61
Q

what is the name of the 2 most common enterotoxin that is the cause of food poisoning from Staphylococcus

A

exotoxins A and D

62
Q

the toxins produced Clostridium tetani are exotoxins of the type called

A

neurotoxins

62
Q

the toxins produced Clostridium tetani are exotoxins of the type called

A

neurotoxins

63
Q

the toxin produced by Corynebacterium diptheria are exotoxins of the type called

A

cytotoxins

64
Q

the toxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus are exotoxins of the type called

A

enterotoxin

65
Q

name the type of disease caused by exotoxin, A and D production by Staphylococcus aureus

A

food poisoning

66
Q

the mechanism of fever stimulated by endotoxin occurs do to the release of ________________ by the hypothalamus of the brain

A

prostaglandins

67
Q

which is most likely to stimulate anti-toxin production, exotoxin or endotoxin?

A

extoxin

68
Q

true or false

Scalded skin syndrom is a disease of the epidermis in infants that may lead to bacteremia, septicemia and even death

A

true

69
Q

testing for the production of the enzyme ____________will differentiate Staphylococcus from Streptococcus

A

catalase

70
Q

name the species of Staphylococcus that causes UTI’s

A

Staphylococcus saprophyticus

71
Q

name the very contagious skin infection common in day care centers caused by Staphylococcus aureus

A

impetigo

72
Q

list a mechanism of drug resistance, besides the production of an enzyme to inactivate a drug

A

activation of drug pumps
decreased permeability
use of alternate metabolic pathway
change in the drug binding site

73
Q

true or false

about 2 to 4 million cases of nosocomial infections occur in the US each year.

A

true

74
Q

name 2 serious, potentially life threatening, infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus

A 
meningitis
pneumonia
pericarditis
myocarditis
endocarditis

Microbiology lecture (12 decks)

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