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BDS stage 2 > Microbiology for dentists theme 2b > Flashcards

Microbiology for dentists theme 2b Flashcards

1
Q

What is the DMFT index ?

A

Measure of the decayed, missing and filled tooth surfaces

cumulative caries and treatment experience

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2
Q

How do we measure the DMFT index ?

A

if a tooth is decayed, missing or filled it gets a score of 1
otherwise 0
score out of 32 if 8s present

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3
Q

What does the DMFT index exclude ?

A

teeth that are congenitally missing
teeth extracted for ortho/perio reasons
trauma
supernumerary teeth

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4
Q

If a tooth is decayed and filled which score would you give it ?

A

1

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5
Q

What are limitations of the DMFT index ?

A

gives equal weighting to missing, untreated and well restored teeth
only takes into account caries
fissure sealants given same weighting as restored teeth
rate not assessed nor risk

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6
Q

Which plaque index is most used ?

A

Plaque coverage index

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7
Q

What are some examples of plaque indices ?

A

Silness and Loe index

plaque coverage index

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8
Q

What does the plaque index measure ?

A

the number of surfaces with plaque as a percentage of total tooth surfaces

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9
Q

How do we carry out the plaque coverage index ?

A

divide tooth into 6
say yes or no
cross out missing teeth
dont measure occlusal surfaces

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10
Q

Which 6 surfaces would a mandibular tooth be divided into ?

A 
MB
Mid buccal 
DB
ML
Mid lingual 
DL
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11
Q

In what order should you measure the plaque ?

A

UB
UP
LB
LL

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12
Q

How would you calculate the plaque coverage index ?

A

total number of surfaces = number of teeth x 6
count all plaque surfaces
number of plaque surfaces/ total number of tooth surfaces x 100

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13
Q

What are disclosing tablets ?

A

veegtable dye used to stain plaque deposits
older tablets stain all plaque pink
new tablets stain new plaque pink and old plaque blue

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14
Q

What does the Silness and Loe index measure ?

A

the amount of plaque on surfaces

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15
Q

Which scores are used in the SL index ?

A

0- no plaque
1- film of plaque visibe only by removal
2- moderate accumulation visible by naked eye
3- Heavy accumulation

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16
Q

How would you calculate the SL index ?

A

Add up all scores
total number of surfaces
Total S and L score/ total surfaces x 100

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17
Q

What is epidemiology ?

A

the scientific method of studying diseases in populations

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18
Q

What are the 3 components of epidemiology ?

A

distribution
frequency
determinants

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19
Q

What is the process of finding a relationship ?

A 
suspicion 
hypothesis 
tested with comparison group
analyse data 
assess validity
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20
Q

What is the gold standard for measuring disease ?

A

is the method of measuring valid, simple, reliable and reproducible ?

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21
Q

What is the difference between DMFT and dmft ?

A

permanent and primary dentition

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22
Q

What do indices allow ?

A

standardisation universally

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23
Q

What does reliable mean ?

A

get the same result each time

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24
Q

What does reproducible mean ?

A

calibrated

25
Q

What does sensitive mean ?

A

detect minute changes

26
Q

Why do methods of maesuring disease have to be acceptable ?

A

they need to be done correctly to reduce chances of iatrogenic damage

27
Q

What are case studies for ?

A

highlighting interesting cases
in recognition of a new disease
there is no control- so no comaprsion which can effect validity of the relationship

28
Q

What is a case series ?

A

a report on a single patient or series of patients with an interest
no control group is required

29
Q

What are the limitations of case studies ?

A

they might be standalone cases

cant compare and make links and prove

30
Q

What is a cross sectional study ?

A

used for prevalence of disease
can find out potential risk factors
can establish an association and not a causality
observation of a population in a single point in time

31
Q

What are cohort studies ?

A 
2 groups side by side 
one with exposure and one without 
assess the results in time later
use for common diseases 
blinding is difficult 
not good for rare diseases
32
Q

What are randomised controlled trials ?

A

evaluate the effectiveness of something like a drug
2 groups- one receives treatment the other a placebo (current best)
very expensive
randomisation used for selection bias
high cost and ethical issues

33
Q

What are systematic reviews ?

A 
pool all studies and give an average result - uses exclusion and inclusion criteria
asses the strength of the evidence 
end confusion 
highlight when not eniugh evidence 
save money by saying research is done
34
Q

Epidemiology in dentistry operates in which 3 broad fields ?

A
  1. measurement of dental disease among groups to understand distribution
  2. identification of factors that cause conditions
  3. evaluation of effectiveness of new materials
35
Q

What does reliable mean ?

A

measurements are taken on different occassions the same answer is obtained

36
Q

What are descriptive studies ?

A

describe the pattern of disease
risk factors
dterminants

37
Q

What are analytical observational studies ?

A

go back in time or forwards- retrospective or prospective

38
Q

What are case control studies ?

A

people with the interest identified
matched with controls
questioned about what risk factors could have led to condition

39
Q

What are analytical experinental studies ?

A

randomised clinical trials

40
Q

What is prevalence ?

A

proportion of individuals in a population who have a disease at a specific instant

41
Q

How do you work out prevalence ?

A

number of existing cases of disease/ total population

42
Q

What does prevalence provide ?

A

an estimate of probability an individual will be ill at any time

43
Q

What is incidence ?

A

number of new cases of disease during a given time period

44
Q

What is cumulative incidence ?

A

number of new cases of a disease during a given time period/ total population at risk

45
Q

How do you work out incident rate ?

A

number of new cases of disease during a given time period/total person time observation

46
Q

How can you work out person time ?

A

addition of all the hours that everyone contributes

47
Q

What is an index ?

A

measures the relative disease status of a population on a graudutsed scale with definite upper and lower limits

48
Q

What do indices allow ?

A

allow comparison with other populations- universal
evaluate success of a treatment
compare health status

49
Q

What are the characterisitics of an ideal index ?

A

equally sensitive
simple to apply
valid
reliable

50
Q

What does valid mean ?

A

it measures what it says it measures

51
Q

What is bias ?

A

a systematic error relating to the measurement of a variable
were the groups similar at the start, were they balanced and effectively masked ?

52
Q

What is confounding ?

A

an error in the interpretation of a measurement

eg. saying things are linked when they are not

53
Q

How can we manage confounding ?

A

randomisation
stratifying
matching
using statistical analysis

54
Q

What is the dmft index ?

A

for the primary dentition

55
Q

What is the DMFT index ?

A

for the permanent dentition

56
Q

What is the IOTN ?

A

index of orthodontic treatment need

57
Q

What is RCI ?

A

root caries index

58
Q

What are problems with the DMFT ?

A

missing teeth could have been perio, developmental or trauma
filled teeth might be for prevention and not caries
score is irreversible- cant be used to show improvement

BDS stage 2 (28 decks)

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