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BDS stage 2 > IAH theme 3 > Flashcards

IAH theme 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Why is there a lag time with vaccines ?

A

required time to develop the priamry response that is specific

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2
Q

What is special about the secondary immune response ?

A

it is antigenic

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3
Q

Where do memory B cells develop ?

A

in lymph nodes

after primary immune response

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4
Q

What are the characteristics of memory B cells ?

A

high affinity
long lived
quisecent
already been through isotype switch and somatic hypermutation
class switched IgG
circulate and are more easily activated than naive B cells

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5
Q

What is IgA for ?

A

mucosa

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6
Q

What are the characteristics of the secondary immune response ?

A

quicker

stronger memory T cells made

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of Ab and T cell mediated immunity ?

A

Ab immunity is maintained in absence of the pathogen
T cell mediated immunity has a half life but does not significantly decrease
immunity is long lasting

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8
Q

What is smallpox caused by ?

A

variola virus

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9
Q

What was the original form of variolation ?

A

innoclation with virus from mildly diseased person

lead to mild disease and protective immunity but did kill some

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10
Q

Why does vaccination with cowpox confer immunity against smallpox ?

A

cowpox and smallpox share surface antigens
immunisation with cowpox induces antibodies against cowpox antigens
cowpox antibodies bind to antigens to neutralise smallpox virus

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11
Q

What was significant about cross immunity to cowpox ?

A

immunity against cowpox- cross reacting immunity via an antigenically related non pathogenically related virus

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12
Q

What is significant about the cross immunity method of vacciantion ?

A

most pathogens have no antigenically related non pathogenic counterpart
cant use as a vaccine basis

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13
Q

What are the features of effective vaccines ?

A

safe
protective- prevent illness
sustained protection- long lasting immunity
neutralising antibody- some pathogens in irreplaceable cells
protective T cells/B cells- intracellular pathogens require T cells

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14
Q

What are the practical considerations for vaccines ?

A

low cost per dose
biological stability
ease of administration
few side effects

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15
Q

What are the forms of vaccines ?

A 
attenuated
killed
conjugate 
antigenically related but non pathogenic 
recombinant
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16
Q

How can we kill organisms for vaccines ?

A

chemically
radiation
heated

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17
Q

Why does chemically etc treating the pathogen allow ?

A

neutralise the pathogen
viral nucleic acids are susceptible
stop replication

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18
Q

What are the disadvantages of killing microorganisms for vaccines ?

A

need large amounts of virus

might not be fully killed- insufficient

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19
Q

How can we attenuate pathogens for use in vaccines ?

A

take the virus ans isolate it
grow in human cells and culture
infect into monkey cells
virus will mutate rapidly to adapt to monkey cells
virus no longer grows well in human cells
virus is now attenutated
use as a vaccines

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20
Q

What are attenuated vaccines known as ?

A

live attenuated non virulent vaccines

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21
Q

Give an example of an attenuated vaccine ?

A

measles

BCG

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22
Q

What is the BCG vaccine and is it effective ?

A

vaccine against TB

effective in children not adults-

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23
Q

How do attenuated viruses mimic natural infections ?

A

they mimic natural infections through their interaction with the immune response

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24
Q

How do attenuated viruses interact with the immune response ?

A

they give better long lasting immunity

elicit CD4 and CD8 cells

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25
Q

What is different about attenuated and live viral particles ?

A

attenuated viral particles cannot produce cytosolic particle so cant be presented by MHC class I

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26
Q

Give some diseases that utilise bacterial toxins ?

A

diptheria
cholera
tetanus

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27
Q

What do vaccines against toxins consist of ?

A

inactivated toxins

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28
Q

How do we produce a recombinant HepB vaccine ?

A

isolate the hepB antigen gene
insert into the yeast genome
place genome into cell and brew in large numbers
production of recombinant protein by yeast
use antigen in vaccine when purified

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29
Q

How do pathogens mainly enter the body ?

A

through mucosal surfaces

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30
Q

How are most vaccines administered ?

A

injection IV

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31
Q

What are the routes of administration of a vaccine ?

A

intra nasal

oral

32
Q

What do vaccines via injection induce ?

A

systemic antibodies

do not prevent all mucosal symptoms

33
Q

Why might mucosal immunisation be better ?

A

induces mucosal antibodies

more effective agaisnt the disease

34
Q

What are the disadvantages of administering vaccines by injection ?

A

can lead to systemic side effects

requires training

35
Q

Give an example of an encapsulated bacteria ?

A

haemophilius influenza type b- causes meningitis

36
Q

Which complement activation pathway induces antibodies ?

A

classical
induces IgG and IgM
use against encapsualted bacteria

37
Q

What do capsular subunit vaccines consist of and what do they give rise to ?

A

consist of polysaccharide capsule only
gives rise to thymus independent response
only IgM made

38
Q

What is the problem with only IgM being made ?

A 
weak immune response 
no class switching 
no somatic hypermutation 
no memory 
might be ok for adults but elderly and children need T cell mediated immunity
39
Q

Which type of vaccine do we use for encapsulated bacteria ?

A

conjugate vaccine

40
Q

What do conjugate vaccines consist of ?

A

specific polysaccharide antigen which is chemically coupled to carrier protein like tetanus toxin

41
Q

What do conjugate vaccines allow ?

A

conversion of polysaccharide into T cell dependent antigen

stimualtes CD4 cell response and allows B cell help

42
Q

What is the problem with purified pathogen antigens ?

A

they dont give a good innate response

we need the innate response to activate the immune response - APC activate T cells

43
Q

What are adjuvants ?

A

susbtances added to vaccines to encourage inflamamtion

44
Q

Give some examples of adjuvants ?

A

alum salts

squalene oils

45
Q

What do adjuvants do ?

A

induce sterile inflamamtion by interacting with NLRs

mimics what happens in natural infections

46
Q

What do mother mucosal surfaces do in passive immunity ?

A

dimeric IgA from the mucosa to the baby in mothers milk

47
Q

Which antibody can pass across the placenta and privode in utero and post partum immunity ?

A

IgG

48
Q

When does immune system fully develop ?

A

4/5 years old

49
Q

When does the adaptive immunity start to fucntion ?

A

6 months

50
Q

What is another example of passive immunity ?

A

anti sera

given in response to snake/spider venom

51
Q

What is the concept of herd immunity ?

A

if majority of population have protective immunity so the susceptible minority are protected
lower chance of the microorganism finding a non immune host - lower chance of infection

52
Q

What happens if there are more non immune people in the popualtion ?

A

greater likelihood of outbreaks and pandemics

53
Q

What is in the 6 combi vaccine given to babies under 1 ?

A 
diptheria
HepB 
Hib 
polio
tetanus 
whooping cough
54
Q

What is Hib ?

A

haemophilia influenza b

55
Q

Which vaccine is given to children aged 1-15?

A

MMR

HPV

56
Q

Which vaccines are given to adults ?

A

flu

shingles

57
Q

Which vaccines are given to at risk people ?

A

BCG

HepB

58
Q

What is SSPE ?

A

subacture scleorsing panencephalitis
late consequence of measles infection
leads to CNS problems

59
Q

How does measles spread ?

A

cough , sneeze droplets

60
Q

What are symptoms of measles ?

A 
cold 
fever
tiredness
loss of appetite
RASH  KOPLIKS SPOTS on buccal mucosa
61
Q

What are the complications of measles ?

A

encephalitis
meningitis
hepatitis

62
Q

What are rash-kopliks spots ?

A

early sign of measles

63
Q

What is a key disease elimination indicator ?

A

vaccine coverage

64
Q

Which people do measles deaths occur in ?

A

immunosupressed
unimmunised
leukaemia patients in remission

65
Q

What does measles infection do ?

A

infect leukocytes- causes immune supression

reduce immune memory against infleunza and herpes

66
Q

What does measles induce ?

A

immune amnesia - disrupts immune recognition

not found in MMR vaccinated children

67
Q

What is social demography ?

A

relationships between economic, social and cultural biological processes influencing a population

68
Q

What are the strengths of vaccines ?

A

experience and understanding

immunology, microbiology and molecular biology

69
Q

What are the weaknesses of vaccines ?

A

difficult to develop vaccines against some diseases that mutate rapidly like HIV and Influenza

70
Q

What are the threats of vaccines /

A

social demography reduces uptake

71
Q

What is the pathway to vaccine effectiveness ?

A

research
development
implement
maintenance

72
Q

What needs to be considered in the research phase of vaccine development ?

A

epidemiology- route, spread and demographics
microbiology- rates, replication and genome
immune system- T cell mediated/antibody mediated, key antigens

73
Q

What happens in the development phase for vaccine development ?

A

adequate research/studies
route of immunisation needs to be discovered
formulation- adjuvants, combinations
production capacity and economics

74
Q

What are personal views that can compromise vaccine effectiveness ?

A 
fear of the unknown/misconception 
social media/anti-vaxxers
mistrust 
ignorance of disease 
cost 
adverse publicity
75
Q

What is the effect of fake news on vaccine effectiveness ?

A

ebola is mad eup
vaccines rewire DNA
healthier unvaccianted
mythical side effects

76
Q

What are the demographic factors that compromise vaccine effectiveness ?

A

lack of healthcare infrastructure- teams/programs
country wide poverty
isolation of communities
secrtity
political issues- chinese hierarchy, insularity
ageing/obese children
porpus borders/,migration

BDS stage 2 (28 decks)

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