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BDS stage 2 > KCS theme 4- Endodontics > Flashcards

KCS theme 4- Endodontics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the pulp-dentine complex ?

A

alert to pain whilst avoiding injury
mechanoreception and regulation of chewing force
Tubular fluid
Cellular defence

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2
Q

What does tubular fluid do in response to irritation ?

A 
thickening- sclerotic dentine 
IgA
Wet dentine- recoil for fracture toughness 
hydration and nutrition of engine 
dilution of microbial toxins
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3
Q

How does the pulp carry out cellular defence ?

A

inflamatory response
tertiary dentine
sclerotic dentine

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4
Q

What are the types of tertiary dentine ?

A

reactionary- mild insults, localised odotoblasts are up regualted

reparative- severe insults leads to death of odontoblasts an odontoblast like cells deposit dentine which is irregular and atubular

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5
Q

Give the histological zones of the pulp in order ?

A 
dentine
predentine
odontoblasts
cell free zone 
cell rich zone
pulp core
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6
Q

How does the pulp get injured ?

A

dentinal tubules are exposed
provides a direct access to the pulp for irritants
deeper pulp tissue is more eporous
high risk of pulp injury when little dentien remains or direct pulpal exposure

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7
Q

How can dentinal tubules be exposed ?

A

caries
iatrogenic procedures
trauma

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8
Q

What are the classifications of pulp irritants ?

A

mechanical
chemical
microbial

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9
Q

What are microbial pulpal irritants ?

A

dental caries

microleakage

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10
Q

How does dental caries act as a pulp irritant ?

A

caries progresses into dentine leading to localised reversible inflammation of the pulp
production of tertiary and sclerotic dentine
can be reversed by removal of caries and sealing restoration

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11
Q

How can microleakage act as a pulp irritant ?

A

marginal invasion of restorations by bacteria

pulpal inflammation, sclerotic and tertiary dentine

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12
Q

How can we prevent microleakage of restorations ?

A

protect pulp with a cavity liner

dentine bonding agent

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13
Q

What are the chemical pulpal irritants?

A

bleaching

dental materials

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14
Q

How do dental materials act as a pulp irritant ?

A

originally thought that dental materials were toxic to the pulp
now though that the materials themselves arent toxic but the microleakage that occurs leads to pulpal injury
important to etch and bond properly to prevent microleakage

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15
Q

How does bleaching act as a pulpal irritant ?

A

Peroxide bleaching tubules diffuse down tubules into the pulp leading to reversible inflammation
bleaching also leads to increase in pulpal temperature

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16
Q

What are the consequences of bleaching ?

A

temporary tooth sensitivity

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17
Q

How can we prevent tooth sensitivity post bleaching ?

A

use desensitising agent before like potassium nitrate

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18
Q

What are mechanical irritants of the pulp ?

A

iatorgenic procedures, trauma and dentine exposure

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19
Q

How can the pulp be irritated iatrogenically ?

A

use of rotary burs exposes dentine tubules- need to use water to prevent overhating and destination

use of LA with adrenaline leads to vasoconstriction which means less regulation of pulpal temperature

more tubules exposed- more chance of pulpal injury and damage

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20
Q

How can trauma lead to pulpal injury ?

A

fracture expose dentine tubules - routes for irritants
fractures can damage blood supply- necrosis
children effected most- they also have higher pulp horns and wider dentinal tubules

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21
Q

How can dentine be exposed ?

A

cusp fracture
gingival recession - leads to cervical hypersensitivity
wear

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22
Q

How can dentine hypersensitivity be treated ?

A

desensitising agents that occlude tubules

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23
Q

What are the nociceptive fibres in the pulp ?

A

A-delta

C fibres

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24
Q

Describe the characteristics of A-delta fibres ?

A 
located in the periphery and pulp horns 
low threshold
stimulated by hot/cold/sweet
mediate a short sharp transient pain 
well localised pain 
srimualted in superficial pulp inflammation
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25
Q

Describe the characteristics of C fibres ?

A 
located in the core 
stimulated by chemical pain mediators
mediate a long aching dull pain that is poorly localised 
exacerbated by hot/cold/sweet
stimulate in deep inflammation of pulp
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26
Q

Describe the reaction of the pulp to an early carious lesion?

A

early carious lesion breaches enamel and a few dentine tubules are open
minor superficial inflammation
sensitivity to hot /cold/sweet with A-delta fibres stimulated
pulpal reaction- tertiary dentine/sclerotic dnetine
reversible inflammation- removal of caries will he’ll pulp and restore

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27
Q

Describe the pulp reaction to a moderate carious

lesion halfway through dentine?

A

more tubules are opened
sensitivity to hot/cold/sweet- a delta fibres
peripheral sensitisation- increased sensitivity to non painful stimuli - allodynia
tertiary and sclerotic dentine-
reversible if cares removed

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28
Q

Describe the pulp reaction to an advanced lesion within 0.2mm of pulp ?

A

pulp at high risk of being injured- many dentine tubules open and exposed
inflammation is now irreversible
dull, poorly localised aching pain that persists suggests irreversible inflammation and C-fibre stimulation

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29
Q

What was the traditional approach to managing deep caries related to the pulp ?

A

remove all the carious dentine as much as possible hoping to not get a pulpal exposure

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30
Q

What are the modern approaches to deep caries ?

A

not all carious dentine has to be removed as it risks a s pulpal exposure
clear the peripheries and can leave some on top of pulp if it is a symptom free tooth
use calcium hydroxide (kills bacteria and allows 3 dentine)
seal margins and restore to prevent propagation of caries

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31
Q

What must be remembered about caries removal ?

A

clear the EDJ

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32
Q

What are the 2 modern appraoches to deep caries management ?

A

indirect pulp therapy -

stepwise

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33
Q

What is the indirect pulp therapy management of deep caries ?

A

clear the EDJ
excavate most carious dentine
calcium hydroxide liner
permanently restore and sell

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34
Q

What is the stepwise managament technqiue to management of deep caries ?

A

clear the EDJ
excavate most soft dentine
calcium hydroxide
seal
leave for 6 months to allow 3 dentine
re enter and 3 dentine should be present
easier to remove the carious dentine now without risking pulpal epsure

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35
Q

What are the functions of pulp lining materials ?

A

protect the pulp from supposed cytotoxicity of material
protect against thermal/electrical changes
prevent microleakage
Allow tertairy dentien deposition

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36
Q

What is the most used pulp lining material ?

A

calcium hydroxide
gold standard and used for deep cavities
stimulate odontoblast like cells and kills microorganisms below pH 12

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37
Q

What are bioceramic cements like MTA/bioodentine ?

A

calcium silicate cements
preferred for vital pulp therapy
stimulates reparative dentine and reduces inflammation
can lead to tooth discolouration

38
Q

How do glass ionomer cements work ?

A

they remineralsie dentine as they are gluoride releasing

also bonds with dentine- effective seal

39
Q

How do resin bonding agents work ?

A

etch dentine
attach resin- micromechanical retention
resin meshes with collagen in engine tubules to make resin/dentine hybrid layer
follow with composite

40
Q

What should we do in the case of a pulpal exposure ?

A

bleeding that isnt gingival indicates pulpal expsure
isolate the totoh
stop the bleeding with cotton wool and remove debris
clean the tooth with NaOCl
apply pulp liner- Calcium hydroxide
restore and seal
monitor for signs of pulp breakdown

41
Q

What should be the steps used in diagnosing pulpal and periapical conditions ?

A 
history
clinical examination
testing and radigraphs 
diagnosis 
treatment plan 
managaement
monitor
42
Q

What should we consider when taking a history for pulpal diagnosis ?

A 
sympathetic questions that you let them answer in their own words
open ended 
when did it start 
duration and fequency
what stimulates it 
what eases It
what makes it worse
what type of pain is it 
previous treatment ?
43
Q

Why do we need to consider a medical history ?

A

allergies
conditions that might effect endodontic treamtnet
affect sedation

44
Q

What are the 2 components of a clinical examination ?

A

extraoral

intraoral

45
Q

What should be observed in an extra oral examination ?

A 
lymph nodes
TMJ 
muscles of mastication 
general facial symmetry 
trismus 
maliase
temeprature and pulse for systemic involvement ?
46
Q

What should be considered in an intraoral examination ?

A

soft tissues- sinus tracts, periodontal status, swellings, plaque etc- palpate them

hard tissues- restorations, darkened teeth might be necrotic, is the tooth TTB, cracked cusps, dentine exposure ??

percussion and palpation tenderness indicate inflammation

47
Q

Describe the progression of pulpal conditions ?

A

reversible pulpitis
irreversible pulpitis
irreversible pulpitis and symptomatic apical periodontitis
pulp necrosis and acute periapical abscess
pulp necrosis, asymptomatic apical periodontitis and chronic periapical abscess

48
Q

How can hot/cold/sweet stimuli manifest as pain ?

A

leads to fluid movement in exposed dentinal tubules- stimulates the sensitised A-delta fibres

49
Q

Why is irreverisble pulpitis poorly localised ?

A

C-fibre pain- poorly localsied in the core

50
Q

What is referred pain ?

A

injury in one part of the body leads to pain in another part due to the convergence of innervation

51
Q

If inflammation is limited to the pulp will tooth movement cause pain ?

A

no- if infection is limtied to the pulp space tooth movement should not cause pain
tooth movement causing pain is indicative of periapical involvement

52
Q

What are the characteristics of reversible pulpitis ?

A

short sharp transient pain with hot/cold/sweer stimuli
short duration- pain goes away when stimulus is removed
no TTP
A-delta fibres

53
Q

What are the characteristics of irreversible pulpitis ?

A

dull throbbing pain
long duration that persists after removal of the stimulus usually unprovoked but exacerbated by hot/cold/sweet
C fibres

54
Q

What is the rationale behind pulp sensitivity tests ?

A

to assess the vitality of the tooth
to aid diagnosis
however can get exaggerated results in anxious patients- use control tooth in separate quadrant to show results
should not be used solely- but as an adjunct

55
Q

What are the types of pulp sensitivity tests ?

A 
thermal
electrical 
test cavity preparation
cusp flexure
selective LA
56
Q

How are cold tests conducted ?

A

cold- endofrost or ethyl chloride sprayed onto cotton wool and placed on tooth

the coldness causes a contraction of dnetine tubules and movement of fluid - A-delta fibres stimulated

colder temperature more accurate test
dull aching pain that lingers suggests irreversible pulpitis

57
Q

How do heat tests work ?

A

apply a heat softned GP stick to a vaselined tooth for a max of 5 secs

58
Q

What is the rationale behind electronic pulp testing ?

A

to assess if any vital nerve tissue is left

a total lack of response indicates a non vital tooth

59
Q

How is an electronic pulp test carried out ?

A

isolate and dry test tooth
tip of probe covered in conductive medium like toothpaste and placed at thin enamel and pulp horns
separate tooth interproximally to prevent spread to current
when sensation is elicited remove the probe

60
Q

What are the responses to an pulp electronic test ?

A

a healthy response will be a warm tingling - A delta fibre mediated
a dull lingering pain- C fibres

61
Q

How do we carry out a test cavity prep test ?

A

prepare a small cavity into dentine without LA with an irrigated bur
if sensitive - indicates a vital pulp but A-delta fibres can still be present in a necrotic pulp
if no response the tooth is non vital or the pulp may have receded and wasn’t reached with the bur

62
Q

Do cracks in enamel only cause pain ?

A

no

63
Q

How does pain manifest in a crack that goes into enamel, dentine and the pulp ?

A

poorly loclaised pain peridoically or when biting

64
Q

How can we identify cracks in teeth ?

A

using transillumination

65
Q

How can we identify the tooth that is cracked ?

A

with a cusp flexure test
patient instructed to bite down on a tooth
leads to separation of fragments and symptoms are reproduced

66
Q

How can selective LA be used a pulp sensitivity test ?

A

often patients can identify which side the pain is coming from but not if mandible or maxilla
poorly localised and referred pain

selectively anaesthetise teeth starting from the distal sulcus of the most posterior tooth and progress until pain disappears
good for pinpointing quadrant not tooth

67
Q

What are the signs and smyptoms of symptomatic apical periodontitis ?

A

widened PDL membrnae

TTB and TTP

68
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of acute apical abscess ?

A

very TTB
tooth elevated from socket
systemic involvement- malaise and temperature
severe pain from periapicla tissues
tooth may be necrotic
pus formation and swelling an quick onset
radiograph shows periapical radiolucency

69
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of asymptomatic apical periodontitis?

A

necrotic tooth
no pulp response
no TTB
well define periapicla radiolucency

70
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of chronic periapical abscess ?

A

gum boil and pus discharge from a sinus tract
painless
little or no TTB/TTP
radiolucnecy
distinguished from asymptomatic apical periodontitis as there is a sinus tract that a GP can be placed in to confirm problematic tooth

71
Q

What is the sensory nerve supply to the periodontium like ?

A

nociceptive AND proprioceptive fibres

can localise pain properly with periapicla conditions

72
Q

What is periapical pain stimulated by ?

A

tooh movement

73
Q

What are the different periapicla diagnostic tests ?

A

TTP
palpation
radiographs- radiolucencies, widening of PDL, bone resorptiona nd deposition
sinus tracts

74
Q

How do we manage reversible pulpitis ?

A

remove the cause of the irritant - usually leaky restoration
clear the EDJ
zinc oxide for pain relief
seal and resotre
allow healing to reverse the inflamamtion

75
Q

What does irreversible pulpitis mean for the pulp ?

A

the pulp is incapable of healing and will eventually die

when it does die the breakdown products will cause severe infection - need to remove the pulp

76
Q

How do we manage irreversible pulpitis ?

A

2 options-
extraction
pulpotemy/pulpectomy

77
Q

What happens in a pulpectomy ?

A 
full excavation of the pulp 
LA/rubber dam 
remove caries and restorations and clear EDJ
access pulp and remove 
line with calcium hydroxide and seal
return later fro RCT
78
Q

What happens in a pulpotemy ?

A

removal of the coronal pulp only
- bit that is irreversibly inflamed- gives instant pain relief as the inflamed bit is removed

LA/rubber dam 
remove caries and restorations 
access pulp and sever the coronal pulp 
stop bleeding
clean with odontopaste 
seal 
RCT alter
79
Q

What is odontopaste ?

A

contain zinc oxide for pain relief

contain clindamycin- bacteriostatic to prevent further infection after endo therapy

80
Q

What is problematic about irreversible inflamed pulps ?

A

they are hard to initially anaesthetise

81
Q

How can we overcome the problem of anaesthetising irreversibly inflamed pulps?

A

use multiple cartrisges
use articaine instead of lidocaine
use a different LA route- intrapulpal, intraligmentous, intraoesseous i

82
Q

How do we manage symptomatic apical periodontitis ?

A

remove the cause of the irritants to the pulp- caries or restorations
if tooth is vital consider pulpotomy ?

83
Q

How do we manage acute periapical abscess ?

A 
identify the infected tooth 
remove the cause of pulpal irritants 
pulpotemy or puplectomy 
drain pus 
antibiotics if systemic
84
Q

How can we drain pus ?

A

incision and scalpel with LA

though tooth with file extended beyond apex with LA

85
Q

What is condensing osteitis ?

A

in response to low grade inflammation of periapical tissues
bone deposition
more radiopaque areas at apices

86
Q

What does the vitality of a tooth depend on ?

A

blood supply

87
Q

How does a necrotic tooth present ?

A

discoloured

no response to tests

88
Q

What is asymptomatic irreversible pulpitis ?

A

no clinical symptoms but obvious that the tooth wont survive
responds as a normal pulp and is vital but no symptoms even though it is inflamed

89
Q

How do different pulpal conditions present with a cold test ?

A

normal pulp- little sensation
reversible pulpitis- sharp pain on stimulus
Irreversible pulpitis- lingering pain
pulp necrosis- no response at all

90
Q

What must be done when carrying out pulpal tests ?

A

use opposing teeth as control to gage a normal response to compare to abnormal repsone- patient knows what normal feels like

91
Q

When is electronic pulp testing contraindicated ?

A

cardiac pacemaker

92
Q

How do normal periapical tissues present ?

A

they are asymptomatic and have no symptoms to TTP/TTB or percussion

BDS stage 2 (28 decks)

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