IAH corrections Flashcards

1
Q

What are the most important factors in promoting periodontitis ?

A

age
smoking
plaque

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2
Q

What are the histological change do you see in a lymphocytic infiltrate ?

A

densely staining cells with no shape or boundary

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3
Q

What is the evidence that MMPs mediate tissue destruction in periodontitis ?

A

MMP inhibitor is doxycline is used as an adjunct in periodontitis

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4
Q

What are 2 examples of emerging human pathogens ?

A

ebola and HIV

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5
Q

What are 2 examples of reemerging human pathogens ?

A

measles and TB

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6
Q

What are two pathogens that have been eradicated ?

A

small pox and polio

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7
Q

Which pathogen lives in burns and causes cystic fibrosis ?

A

pseudomonas aureginosa

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8
Q

What is the location of the majority of human disease due to mucosal infection ?

A

lungs

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9
Q

What is the mode of action of AMPs ?

A

they are amphipathic- insert into cell membranes

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10
Q

Identify 2 molecules that stimulate neutrophil chemotaxis ?

A

chemokines

complement

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11
Q

How is haematopoiesis regulated ?

A

by bone marrow stromal cells

by cytokines

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12
Q

What are the 3 major haemoatopoietic lineages ?

A

myeloid
eryhtroid
lymphoid

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13
Q

Which tissue of the mucosal immune system provides prtoection in the mouth ?

A

salivary glands

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14
Q

What is the appearance of monocytes ?

A

kidney bean shaped nucleus

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15
Q

What are the 4 consequences of innate signalling ?

A
initiation of the adaptive immunity 
neurophil chemotaixis 
acute phase response 
IFN response 
cytokine release
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16
Q

Give an example of NOD receptor ?

A

mannose binding lectin

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17
Q

Give an example of a endosomal PRR ?

A

TLR3

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18
Q

What are the 2 ways that immune response is dyanamic ?

A

spatai changes

improves

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19
Q

What are some generla host factors that increase suscpetibility to infections ?

A
age
nutrtion 
chronic diseases
drugs 
smoking
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20
Q

What happens to the level of microbes with adaptive immunity ?

A

it is contained by the innate immunity but then increases

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21
Q

What determines the baalcne in the Th1/Th2 in an infection ?

A

amount of peptide

cytokine environment

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22
Q

What are the 5 signs of inflammation ?

A
heat
redness
swelling 
pain -
loss of fucntion
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23
Q

What does oedema contribute to /

A

swelling and pain

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24
Q

What are some environmentla agents leading to inflammation ?

A

ionising radition
heat
cold
acid

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25
Q

What are consequences of chronic inflammation ?

A

fibrosis

tissue destruction

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26
Q

What is the role of CRP in the acute phase response ?

A

opsinisation

complemnt fixation

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27
Q

How doe strep pneumoniae evade the immune system ?

A

having a large number of serotypes that differ in their capsualr polysaccharide

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28
Q

What are some social/demographic factors that influence the spread of diseases ?

A

war
migration
globalisation
poverty

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29
Q

What are antigenic drift outbreaks like ?

A

limited
seasonal variation
cocnentrated
different subpopualtions have different immunity

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30
Q

What are antigenic shift outbreaks like ?

A

pandemic
jump between species
no ecisting immunity
novel strains

31
Q

How does herpes simplex evade the immune system ?

A

in nervous system - trigeninal tract
quisecent state
not much MHC class I

32
Q

Give a latent herpes virus that reactivates and causes disease ?

A

varicella zoster
shingles
torso and head and neck

33
Q

Why does treponema pallidum coat itself in fibronectin ?

A

evade antibody detection

34
Q

What type of response do bacterial supernantigens lead to ?

A

polyclonal

35
Q

Why do mutations in RAG 1 and 2 have such profound effects on T/B cell responses ?

A

no RAG- no variety in TCRs and anitboides

36
Q

What are 5 causes of secondary immunodeficiency ?

A
HIV
drugs like immunosupressants
immunosunescene 
Burns- trauma
tumours- chronic lymphocytic  leukamia
37
Q

Why is it hard to gage the extent of HIV infection ?

A

asymptomatic phase

38
Q

What are properties of HIV that compromise effective immune repsonse agaisnt it ?

A

high mutation rate
greate genetic varaibility
latency

39
Q

Despite the fact we have effective vaccines why are some populations still susceptible ?

A

economics

need for refridgeration

40
Q

Which vaccines are adminstered mucosally ?

A

polio

influenza

41
Q

Why do we need adjuvants ?

A

purified antigen on its own doesnt give a good innate response

42
Q

Give some examples of adjuvants ?

A

alum salts
squalene oils
B.pertussis toxin

43
Q

What are the consequences of a woman with Graves disease becoming pregnants ?

A

autoimmune antibodies can pass across placenta

act on the TSH receptro ant become hyperthyroid

44
Q

How do Hep B and C exist ?

A

quiscent state

45
Q

Why might some places have higher rates of infectious disease ?

A

varying levels of existing immunity

46
Q

What are rash kopliks spots ?

A

white spots on oral mucosa

47
Q

What factors can reduce the effectivenes of vaccination programmes ?

A

lack of healthcare infrastructure to distribute and store
industrial apathy- no manufacturing
expensive
mutation in live attneuated vaccines

48
Q

Which groups of the population need targeted vaccination ?

A

healthcare workers
chronic disease- asthma need influenza
lab workers
travellers

49
Q

Why have there been no trials of a periodontitis vaccine ?

A

antibodies are not effective
periodontitis is not fatal
too expensive

50
Q

Where are NOD receptors located ?

A

intracellular

51
Q

What does TLR9 respond to ?

A

intracellular/endosomal

methylated DNA

52
Q

What does TLR2 respond to ?

A

lipoproteins, lipomannins and lipoteichoic acids

53
Q

Where are TLR3 and 9 located ?

A

endosomal

54
Q

What do paneth cell secrete ?

A

alpha defensins
phospholipase
lysiszyme

55
Q

Which T cell contain HSV ?

A

CD8

56
Q

What determines Ig class ?

A

constant region and heavy chain

57
Q

What allows isotype switch ?

A

IgM to IgG

Somatic recombination

58
Q

What are the 2 strategies adopted to avoid transplant rejection ?

A

pharamaceutical immunosupression
MHC mathcing
can check for antibodies

59
Q

What are 4 tissues that are not organs that can be transplanted ?

A

cornea
bone marrow
blood
heart valves

60
Q

What is allotransplantation ?

A

transplantation between members of the same species

61
Q

What is autotransplantaion ?

A

transplanttion from individuals to themselves

62
Q

What is xenotransplantation ?

A

transplanatation between members of different species

63
Q

What is an early symptom of graft v host disease ?

A

akin rash

64
Q

What are 3 features of a rejected solid organ transplant ?

A

fibrosis
necrosis
red area
swollen

65
Q

What to anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies do in non hodgkins lymphoma treatment ?

A

bind to CD20 molecules on B cells

activate NK cells and apoptosis

66
Q

Which 2 disorders can be targeted with anti TNF antibodies ? side effect ? wat is an alternative therapeutuc targer ?

A

rheumatoid arthritis
crohns disease
activtion of TB in infected cells
use IL-6 receptpr- tocilizumab

67
Q

What is a tumour specifc antigen ?

A

antigen expressed by tumours only

not on healthy cells

68
Q

What is kaposis sarcoma associated with ?

A

connective tissue

69
Q

What is cervical carcinoma associated with ?

A

epithelial cells

70
Q

How do we know that neutrophils are a key defence against perioodontal pathogens ?

A

neutropenia have severe periodontitis

71
Q

Why is IgA synthesised as a dimer ?

A

increases valency

functionally significant in secretory process

72
Q

Which cells recognise plaque PAMPs in the periodontium ?

A

fibroblasts
osteoclasts
epithelial cells

73
Q

What are 3 targets of MMP in the periodontium ?

A

PDL
Alveoalar bone
Gingiva- lamina propia