IAH corrections Flashcards
What are the most important factors in promoting periodontitis ?
age
smoking
plaque
What are the histological change do you see in a lymphocytic infiltrate ?
densely staining cells with no shape or boundary
What is the evidence that MMPs mediate tissue destruction in periodontitis ?
MMP inhibitor is doxycline is used as an adjunct in periodontitis
What are 2 examples of emerging human pathogens ?
ebola and HIV
What are 2 examples of reemerging human pathogens ?
measles and TB
What are two pathogens that have been eradicated ?
small pox and polio
Which pathogen lives in burns and causes cystic fibrosis ?
pseudomonas aureginosa
What is the location of the majority of human disease due to mucosal infection ?
lungs
What is the mode of action of AMPs ?
they are amphipathic- insert into cell membranes
Identify 2 molecules that stimulate neutrophil chemotaxis ?
chemokines
complement
How is haematopoiesis regulated ?
by bone marrow stromal cells
by cytokines
What are the 3 major haemoatopoietic lineages ?
myeloid
eryhtroid
lymphoid
Which tissue of the mucosal immune system provides prtoection in the mouth ?
salivary glands
What is the appearance of monocytes ?
kidney bean shaped nucleus
What are the 4 consequences of innate signalling ?
initiation of the adaptive immunity neurophil chemotaixis acute phase response IFN response cytokine release
Give an example of NOD receptor ?
mannose binding lectin
Give an example of a endosomal PRR ?
TLR3
What are the 2 ways that immune response is dyanamic ?
spatai changes
improves
What are some generla host factors that increase suscpetibility to infections ?
age nutrtion chronic diseases drugs smoking
What happens to the level of microbes with adaptive immunity ?
it is contained by the innate immunity but then increases
What determines the baalcne in the Th1/Th2 in an infection ?
amount of peptide
cytokine environment
What are the 5 signs of inflammation ?
heat redness swelling pain - loss of fucntion
What does oedema contribute to /
swelling and pain
What are some environmentla agents leading to inflammation ?
ionising radition
heat
cold
acid
What are consequences of chronic inflammation ?
fibrosis
tissue destruction
What is the role of CRP in the acute phase response ?
opsinisation
complemnt fixation
How doe strep pneumoniae evade the immune system ?
having a large number of serotypes that differ in their capsualr polysaccharide
What are some social/demographic factors that influence the spread of diseases ?
war
migration
globalisation
poverty
What are antigenic drift outbreaks like ?
limited
seasonal variation
cocnentrated
different subpopualtions have different immunity
What are antigenic shift outbreaks like ?
pandemic
jump between species
no ecisting immunity
novel strains
How does herpes simplex evade the immune system ?
in nervous system - trigeninal tract
quisecent state
not much MHC class I
Give a latent herpes virus that reactivates and causes disease ?
varicella zoster
shingles
torso and head and neck
Why does treponema pallidum coat itself in fibronectin ?
evade antibody detection
What type of response do bacterial supernantigens lead to ?
polyclonal
Why do mutations in RAG 1 and 2 have such profound effects on T/B cell responses ?
no RAG- no variety in TCRs and anitboides
What are 5 causes of secondary immunodeficiency ?
HIV drugs like immunosupressants immunosunescene Burns- trauma tumours- chronic lymphocytic leukamia
Why is it hard to gage the extent of HIV infection ?
asymptomatic phase
What are properties of HIV that compromise effective immune repsonse agaisnt it ?
high mutation rate
greate genetic varaibility
latency
Despite the fact we have effective vaccines why are some populations still susceptible ?
economics
need for refridgeration
Which vaccines are adminstered mucosally ?
polio
influenza
Why do we need adjuvants ?
purified antigen on its own doesnt give a good innate response
Give some examples of adjuvants ?
alum salts
squalene oils
B.pertussis toxin
What are the consequences of a woman with Graves disease becoming pregnants ?
autoimmune antibodies can pass across placenta
act on the TSH receptro ant become hyperthyroid
How do Hep B and C exist ?
quiscent state
Why might some places have higher rates of infectious disease ?
varying levels of existing immunity
What are rash kopliks spots ?
white spots on oral mucosa
What factors can reduce the effectivenes of vaccination programmes ?
lack of healthcare infrastructure to distribute and store
industrial apathy- no manufacturing
expensive
mutation in live attneuated vaccines
Which groups of the population need targeted vaccination ?
healthcare workers
chronic disease- asthma need influenza
lab workers
travellers
Why have there been no trials of a periodontitis vaccine ?
antibodies are not effective
periodontitis is not fatal
too expensive
Where are NOD receptors located ?
intracellular
What does TLR9 respond to ?
intracellular/endosomal
methylated DNA
What does TLR2 respond to ?
lipoproteins, lipomannins and lipoteichoic acids
Where are TLR3 and 9 located ?
endosomal
What do paneth cell secrete ?
alpha defensins
phospholipase
lysiszyme
Which T cell contain HSV ?
CD8
What determines Ig class ?
constant region and heavy chain
What allows isotype switch ?
IgM to IgG
Somatic recombination
What are the 2 strategies adopted to avoid transplant rejection ?
pharamaceutical immunosupression
MHC mathcing
can check for antibodies
What are 4 tissues that are not organs that can be transplanted ?
cornea
bone marrow
blood
heart valves
What is allotransplantation ?
transplantation between members of the same species
What is autotransplantaion ?
transplanttion from individuals to themselves
What is xenotransplantation ?
transplanatation between members of different species
What is an early symptom of graft v host disease ?
akin rash
What are 3 features of a rejected solid organ transplant ?
fibrosis
necrosis
red area
swollen
What to anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies do in non hodgkins lymphoma treatment ?
bind to CD20 molecules on B cells
activate NK cells and apoptosis
Which 2 disorders can be targeted with anti TNF antibodies ? side effect ? wat is an alternative therapeutuc targer ?
rheumatoid arthritis
crohns disease
activtion of TB in infected cells
use IL-6 receptpr- tocilizumab
What is a tumour specifc antigen ?
antigen expressed by tumours only
not on healthy cells
What is kaposis sarcoma associated with ?
connective tissue
What is cervical carcinoma associated with ?
epithelial cells
How do we know that neutrophils are a key defence against perioodontal pathogens ?
neutropenia have severe periodontitis
Why is IgA synthesised as a dimer ?
increases valency
functionally significant in secretory process
Which cells recognise plaque PAMPs in the periodontium ?
fibroblasts
osteoclasts
epithelial cells
What are 3 targets of MMP in the periodontium ?
PDL
Alveoalar bone
Gingiva- lamina propia
