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BDS stage 2 > Craniofacial and Tooth biology Theme 1 > Flashcards

Craniofacial and Tooth biology Theme 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is mesial drift ?

A

roots are usually diverted distally

this is due to crowns moving mesially during development

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2
Q

What is the palatal cingulum ?

A

convex tubercle on the cervical third of the anatomical crown

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3
Q

What are the features of an upper central incisor ?

A 
broadest incisor 
mesial angle is 90
distal angle is more rounded 
short fat rounded triangualr root 
palatal fossa
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4
Q

What are the features of the upper lateral incisor ?

A

smaller
mesial angle is more acute
distal angle is more rounded
conical flattened root

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5
Q

What are the features of the lower central incisor ?

A 
smallest tooth 
symmetrical crown 
mesial and distal angle are both 90
crown displaced lingually 
DLG more distinct
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6
Q

What are the features of the lower lateral incisors ?

A

wider and asymmetrical fan shaped
flattened root with DLG
mesial angle almost 90 and distal angle is acute
distal side emerges at a greater angle from the long axis of the tooth than the mesial side

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7
Q

What are the features of the upper canines ?

A

longest root
mesial surface is almost a straight line
distal surface meets the root at an obtuse angle
distal slope is greater than mesial slope
palatal ridge passes from the tip of the cusp to the palatal cingulum and is separated from the marginal ridges by the mesiopalatal and the distopalatal fossa

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8
Q

What are the features of the lower canines ?

A

the enamel of labial surface extends further than the lingual surface
difference in the slopes less pronounced

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9
Q

How many cusps do premolars have ?

A

2 cusps - 1 buccal and 1 lingual

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10
Q

What separates the cusps in premolars ?

A

the central fissure which runs from mesial to distal

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11
Q

What are the features of upperr premolars ?

A

they are inclined lingually resulting in a prominet buccal cusp
round and circular

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12
Q

What are the features of upper premolars ?

A

they are more angular and wider buccolingually

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13
Q

How many roots do premolars have ?

A

they all have 1 except upper first premolars

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14
Q

What are the features of the upper first premolars ?

A

2 roots
prominet buccal cusp
buccal ridge
mesial slope of the buccal cusp is greater than the dista; slope
central fissure can extend as the canine groove which can turn into a depression between the roots

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15
Q

What are the feature of the upper second premolar ?

A

1 root which is deeply grooved on both sides
no canine groove
buccal and palatal cusps are more equivalent in size
mesial slope of the buccal cusp is smaller than the distal slope

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16
Q

What are the features of the lower first premolars ?

A

circular
single conical root
buccal cusp is larger
might gave disto-lingual accessory cusp

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17
Q

What are the features of upper molars ?

A

they have 3 roots- 2 buccal and 1 palatal - palatal is the thickest
rhomboid shape
3-4 cusps that are aymmetrical

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18
Q

What are the features of the upper first molar ?

A 
rhomoid shape 
4 cusps- 2 buccal and 2 palatal. Buccal are separated by buccal fissure 
H shaped central fissure 
cusp of carabelli 
3 roots- 2 buccal and 1 palatal
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19
Q

What are the features of the upper second molars ?

A

there are 3 types
type 1- similar to upper first molar, has 4 cusps but is reduced in size
type 2- heart shaped - 3 cusps
type 3- oval crown with 3 cusps

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20
Q

What are the features of the upper 3rd molar ?

A

most variable tooth
often resembles the type 2 heart shaped upper 7
roots may be reduced in size and fused

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21
Q

What are the features of the lower molars ?

A

they have a rectangular shape
they have 4-5 cusps
symmetrical cusps
2 roots

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22
Q

What are the features of the lower first molar ?

A

5 cusps- 3 buccal and 2 lingual

2 roots - 1 mesial and distal

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23
Q

What are the features of the lower second molar ?

A

4 cusps
rectangular shaped
2 roots
cross shaped occlusal fissure

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24
Q

What are the features of the lower third molar ?

A

irregular branching occlusal pattern
4 cusps
2 roots are partly fused
1 root may be subdivided

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25
Q

What are the general features of primary teeth ?

A 
smaller in size 
more bulbous 
less minerlaised- so whiter enamel 
enamel is thinner so more likely to wear away and be effected by caries 
labial cingulum near the cervical line
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26
Q

Why do primary teeth show less interproximal caries ?

A

they are less crowded

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27
Q

What significant about primary pulp horns ?

A

they are higher therefore can be exposed more

closer to the EDJ

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28
Q

How is the transverse diameter of the primary anterior teeth ?

A

transverse diameter is greater than the length

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29
Q

What are the characteristics of the primary central incisors (upper) ?

A

low rounded labial cingulum near the cervical line
transverse diameter=vertical diameter
shallow palatal fossa
mesial angle is 90 and distal angle is rounded
conical root is compressed in the labio-palatal direction

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30
Q

What are the characteristics of the upper lateral incisors ?

A

distal angle is more rounded and mesial angle is now acute

labial and palatal cingulum (low)

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31
Q

What are the characteristics of the primary lower central incisors ?

A

symmetrical
low labial cingulum
mesial and distal angle is 90

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32
Q

What are the characteristics of the primary lower lateral incisors ?

A

asymmetrical
wider
low labial cingulum
rounded root

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33
Q

What are the characteristics of upper primary canines ?

A 
symmetrical 
triangular 
low labial cingulum 
2 shallow palatal fossae 
mesial slope > distal slope 
long root
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34
Q

What are the characteristics of the lower primary canines ?

A

asymmetrical
slender
distal slope is greater than the medial slope
labial cingulum

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35
Q

What is significant about primary molar roots ?

A

they are more divergent

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36
Q

How many cusps and roots do upper Ds have ?

A

4 and 3

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37
Q

Which side of the upper D is bigger ?

A

buccal

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38
Q

What is the shape of the upper D ?

A

irregular quadrilateral

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39
Q

What is a feature of the upper D ?

A

buccal cingulum extends mesially to make a molar tubercle

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40
Q

How many roots and cusps do the lower D have ?

A

2 roots

2 cusps

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41
Q

Which cusps in the lower D are bigger ?

A

buccal and the mesial

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42
Q

What is the transverse ridge in the lower D ?

A

connects the 2 mesial cusps together

splits the central fissure into mesial and distal pits

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43
Q

What are the characteristics of the upper D ?

A

low buccal cingulum
no molar tubercle
similar to upper 6 with 5 cusps but whiter, smaller and more divergent roots
carabellis tubercle
3 roots- distobuccal and palatal may be fused

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44
Q

What are the characteristics of the lower Es ?

A 
similar to lower 6 
5 cusps 
2 roots - mesial and distal
mesial root is grooved 
buccal cingulum more distinct than lower 6
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45
Q

What does postnatal jaw growth require ?

A

a second set of teeth

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46
Q

How are the adult dentition displaced >

A

anteriorly and laterally

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47
Q

Do mandibular or maxillary teeth erupt first ?

A

mandibular

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48
Q

Do anterior or posterior teeth erupt first ?

A

anterior

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49
Q

Do teeth erupt mesially or distally first ?

A

mesially to distally

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50
Q

Which teeth erupt in the first phase of adult growth ?

A

6 1 2

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51
Q

Which teeth erupt in the second phase of adult growth ?

A

3 4 5 7

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52
Q

Which teeth erupt in the third phase of adult growth ?

A

8

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53
Q

When do primary first molars erupt ?

A

1.5 years

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54
Q

When do primary second molars erupt ?

A

2.5 years

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55
Q

When do permanent first molars erupt ?

A

6 years

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56
Q

When do permanent second molars erupt ?

A

12 years

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57
Q

When to permanent third moalrs erupt ?

A

18 years

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58
Q

What are the stages in tooth eruption ?

A

calcification
crown completion
root bifurcation
root completion

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59
Q

What is calcification ?

A

the first radiographic appearance of the crown

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60
Q

Radiographically how is crown calcification visible ?

A

cusps and the lamina dura

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61
Q

When do primary teeth calcify?

A

4-6 months in utero

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62
Q

When do 6s calcify ?

A

just before birth

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63
Q

When do permanent incisors calcify ?

A

3-5 months

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64
Q

When do permanent canines calcify ?

A

6-9 months

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65
Q

When do 4s calcify ?

A

1.85-2.65 years

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66
Q

When do 7s calcify ?

A

by 3 years

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67
Q

When do 8s calcify ?

A

by 8 years

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68
Q

When is crown completion ?

A

halfway between calcification and eruption

69
Q

How is crown completion visible ?

A

white dense enamel

dentine underneath visible - found downwards

70
Q

What is root bifurcation ?

A

the first calcification of the bifurcation of the lower permanent molar roots

71
Q

When do the roots of the lower 6s calcify ?

A

4.5 years

72
Q

When do the roots of the lower 7s calcify ?

A

8.5 years

73
Q

How can we see radiographically the presence of root bifurcation ?

A

crescent shape

74
Q

What are the 2 steps in root completion ?

A

root lengthening

root completion

75
Q

When do the primary teeth complete their roots ?

A

1-1.5 years after eruption

76
Q

When do the permanent teeth complete their roots ?

A

2-3 years after eruption

77
Q

What happens in root lengthening ?

A

tooth has erupted and the pulp horns are fully formed

apical end of the root is still funnel shaped

78
Q

What happens when the root is almost complete ?

A

root canal is now shut and has an apical foramen

79
Q

What are the basic steps to determining age from a DPT ?

A

find the lower 6
find the lower 7
look for evidence of calcification of 8
degree of incisor eruption

80
Q

If the lower 6 crown is complete what age can be estimated ?

A

more than 3 years

81
Q

What age can be estimated if the roots of the lower 6 are calcified ?

A

4.5 years

82
Q

If there is no lower 6 what age can be estimated ?

A

more than 6 years

83
Q

If the roots of the lower 6 arent complete what age can be estimated ?

A

less than 9 years

84
Q

If the crown of the lower 7 is complete what age can be estimated ?

A

more than 6.5 years

85
Q

If the lower 7 root is calcified what age can be estimated ?

A

8.5 years

86
Q

If the lower 7 is unerupted what age can be estimated ?

A

less than 12 years

87
Q

If the root is incomplete for the lower 7 what age can be estimated ?

A

around 15 years

88
Q

When does the lower 8 calcify ?

A

8-10 years

89
Q

What is tooth eruption ?

A

the process of tooth movement form within the alveolar bone upwards to reach functional occlusion``

90
Q

What are the 2 types of emergence ?

A

through the alveolar bone and then through the gingiva

91
Q

What is the definition of clinical emergence ?

A

tooth is visible in the oral cavity

92
Q

What happens to the PDL in emergence ?

A

bone is constantly remodelled to let teeth through and the PDL makes connections with tooth and bone

93
Q

What must happen before permanent teeth erupt ?

A

resorption of primary roots and resorption of the alveolar bone

94
Q

What is exfoliation ?

A

the shedding of primary teeth

95
Q

What is the mixed dentition ?

A

begins at 6 with the appearance of the 1st permanent molars and ends at 11 with the appearance of the permanenet premolars

96
Q

How long does it take from clinical emergence to full occlusion for incisors ?

A

3 months

97
Q

How long does it take for clinical emergence to full occlusion for molars ?

A

6 months

98
Q

How long does it take from the onset of resorption to exfoliation for anterior teeth ?

A

1 year

99
Q

How long does it take from the onset of resorption to exfoliation of molar teeth ?

A

1.5 years

100
Q

Are distal or mesial roots resorbed first ?

A

distal

101
Q

How do permanent primary teeth move prior to eruption ?

A

they move behind the roots of the primary anterior teeth

102
Q

How do the developing premolars move prior to eruption ?

A

the premolars move between the roots of the priamary molars

103
Q

What is the pattern of root resorption in primary incisors and canines ?

A

the roots are more resorbed on the lingual side than the labial side
pulp is still intact

104
Q

What is the pattern of root resorption in primary molars ?

A

in an occlusal direction

pulp chamber is eroded

105
Q

Why might there be an early loss of primary teeth ?

A

caries/extraction/ trauma

106
Q

What are the consequences of an early loss of primary teeth ?

A

symmetrical and space problems

accelerated eruption of permanent teeth

107
Q

Why might there be prolonged retention of primary teeth ?

A

failure of the permanent teeth to resorb the primary roots
ectopic position of successor
variation in exfoliation age

108
Q

Why might there be delayed eruption ?

A

congenital, systemic, local

ectopic teeth can form cyst and prevent eruption of the successor

109
Q

Why might there be impacted teeth ?

A

lack of space

selection pressures mean that jaws are now smaller and there is no room for 8s. - reducing the space for eruption

110
Q

Why might shedding of primary teeth be delayed ?

A

successor teeth are missing

111
Q

Why does shedding eventually occur ?

A

nanci states that large masticatory muscles put pressure on primary teeh, damaging the PDL and initiating tooth resorption

112
Q

What are supernumerary teeth ?

A

more common in permanent teeth
isolated or part of syndrome
prevent eruption of other teeth

113
Q

What is dilaceration ?

A

abnormal angulation between crown and root due to trauma

can cause successors to fail to erupt

114
Q

What can trauma lead to ?

A

cessation of root growth

root is stunted and doesnt protect the crown

115
Q

What is cephalometry ?

A

study of head images like lateral radiographs to assess the facial and dentoskeletal relationships
used for orthodontics

116
Q

What is a class I skeletal relationship ?

A

the lower dental base is centrally related to the upper dental base- this gives a flattened profile

117
Q

What is a class II skeletal relationship ?

A

the lower dental base is retruded relative to the upper

gives a smaller mandible and a larger maxilla

118
Q

What is a class III skeletal relationship ?

A

lower dental base is retruded

mandible sticks out

119
Q

What is a class I incisor relationship ?

A

the lower incisor edges occlude with or lie below the palatal cingulum of the upper incisors

120
Q

What is a class I div I relationship ?

A

the lower incisor edges lie posterior to the palatal cingulum of the upper incisors
overjet is increased

121
Q

What is a class I div II relationship ?

A

lower incisor edges lie posterior to the palatal cingulum of the upper incisors- but the upper incisors are retroclined so the overjet is reduced

122
Q

What is class III incisor relationship ?

A

lower incisor edges lie anterior to the palatal cingulum of the upper incisors

123
Q

What is a class I molar relationship ?

A

mesiobuccal cusp of the upper 6 lies in the buccal groove of the lower 6

124
Q

What is a class II molar relationship ?

A 
upper 6 is one whole tooth mesial to the class I position 
the distobuccal groove of the upper 6 lie in the buccal groove of the lower 6
125
Q

What is a class III relationship ?

A 
upper 6 is whole tooth distal to the class I position 
mesiobuccal cusp of the upper 6 is behind the distobuccal cusp of the lower 6
126
Q

What is the intercuspal position ?

A

centric occlusion that occurs as a result of the position of the jaws so that the maxillary and mandibular teeth are in maximum intercuspation

127
Q

What is dynamic occlusion ?

A

relationships of the teeth that occur when the mandible is moving.
movements can be lateral or protrusive

128
Q

Which teeth are likely to be guider teeth ?

A

incisors and canines

129
Q

What is the rest position ?

A

at rest the teeth are slightly separated by a couple of milimetres
in relaxed position the teeth arent in contact

130
Q

What is a normal crossbite ?

A

normally the upper arch is bigger
this means the palatal cusps of the upper teeth fit into the central fossae of the lower teeth
the buccal cusps of the lower teeth fit into the central fossae of the upper teeth

131
Q

What is a buccal crossbite ?

A

lower jaw is wider
buccal cusps of the upper teeth fit into the central fossae of the lower teeth
lingual cusps of the lower teeth fit into the central fossa of the upper teeth

132
Q

What is a scissorbite ?

A

the upper jaw is signnficantly wider than the lower jaw so teeth dont contact.

133
Q

What is the functional cusp ?

A

the cusp that bites into the central fossa of the opposing posterior tooth. usually the palatal cusps of uppers and buccal cusps of the lowers

134
Q

What is the working side ?

A

when you move the jaw to chew food- the side you move it to is called the working side

135
Q

What are the guidance teeth ?

A

when the lower jaw is slided across to the working side

the teeth that make contact are the guidance teeth

136
Q

When do primary incisors erupt ?

A

6-9 months

137
Q

When does the first primary molars erupt ?

A

1-1.5 years

138
Q

When does the 2nd primary molars erupt ?

A

1.75-2 years

139
Q

When do the lower central incisors erupt ?

A

6-7 years

140
Q

When do the lower lateral incisors erupt ?

A

7-8 years

141
Q

When do the upper central incisors erupt ?

A

7-8 years

142
Q

When do the upper lateral incisors erupt ?

A

7.5-8.5 years

143
Q

When do the upper permanent canines erupt ?

A

10-12 years

144
Q

When do the lower permanent canines erupt ?

A

9.25-10.5 years

145
Q

When do the upper and lower first premolars erupt ?

A

10-11 years

146
Q

When do the upper and lower 2nd premolars erupt ?

A

10.5-12 years

147
Q

When does the 1st permanent molar erupt ?

A

6 years

148
Q

When does the lower 7 erupt ?

A

11-12 years

149
Q

When do the upper 7s erupt ?

A

12-13 years

150
Q

When do the 8s erupt ?

A

17-21 years

151
Q

When do the 8s erupt ?

A

17-21 years

152
Q

When do the primary teeth erupt ?

A

4-6 months in utero

153
Q

When do the permanent incisors calcify ?

A

3-5 months

154
Q

When do the upper permanent canines calcify ?

A

9 months

155
Q

When do the lower permanent canines calcify ?

A

6.5 months

156
Q

When do the permanent premolars erupt ?

A

1.85-2.65 years

157
Q

When does the 6 calcify ?

A

just before birth

158
Q

When do the 7s calcify ?

A

3 years

159
Q

When do the lower 8s calcify ?

A

8-9 years

160
Q

When do primary teeth complete their roots ?

A

1-1/5 years after eruption

161
Q

When do permanent incisros ,canines and premolars complete their roots ?

A

2 years after eruption

162
Q

When do the lower 6s complete their roots ?

A

9 years

163
Q

When do the 7s complete their roots ?

A

15 years

164
Q

When do the 8s complete their roots ?

A

more than 3 years after eruption

165
Q

When does root bifurcation happen ?

A

before eruption

166
Q

When does the lower 6 roots bifurcate ?

A

4.5 years

167
Q

When do the lower 7s bifurcate ?

A

8.5 years

168
Q

When do the upper 2s complete their crowns ?

A

4.5 years

169
Q

When do the 6s complete their crowns ?

A

3 years

BDS stage 2 (28 decks)

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