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BDS stage 2 > Corrections > Flashcards

Corrections Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we get enamel discolouration ?

A

ageing leads to thinning of enamel

shining of the dentine through the enamel

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2
Q

What do stains in enamel get trapped in ?

A

microscopic pits

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3
Q

How does hydrogen peroxide whiten teeth ?

A

free radicals enter enamel pores

reduce large chromogenic molecules into smaller molecules that diffuse out of the pores

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4
Q

Why does enamel get more mineralised over time ?

A

fluorapatite

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5
Q

What happens in enamel remineralisation ?

A

calcium
fluoride
phosphate

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6
Q

Describe the strucuture of enamel carious lesions ?

A

surface zone- enamel remineralisation and intact
Body - enamel destruction
dark zone- enamel remineralisation
translucent zone- enamel demineralisation

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7
Q

How are WSL reversible ?

A

removal of biofilm

intact enamel

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8
Q

What does secondary dentine do ?

A

reduces the size of the pulp chamber

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9
Q

What is the structure of secondary dentine compared with primary dentine ?

A

odontoblast death means less tubules

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10
Q

Why does peritubular dentine form ?

A

deposition of calcium phosphate ions from dentinal fluid

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11
Q

What does peritubular dentine not contain ?

A

collagen

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12
Q

What does sclerotic dentine look like ?

A

transparent

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13
Q

Why does sclerotic dentine form ?

A

pathological or physiological

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14
Q

Where do odontoblast like cells come from in reparative dentine ?

A

dental pulp

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15
Q

What happens in response to attrition ?

A

reactionary dentine
peritubular dentine
wear of the crown

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16
Q

What are the different types of pulp stones ?

A

false- calcified degenerated pulp tissue
true- organic matrix and dentinal tubules
diffuse calculations- blood vessels and collagen

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17
Q

What are some age changes in the PDL ?

A 
decreased cell numbers
shorter life spans
increased collagen 
thicker bundles 
less regular sharpeys fibres
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18
Q

What is phsyiological attirtion ?

A

due to mastication

affects occlusal and interproximal areas

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19
Q

What is pathologiacal attrition ?

A

chewing and abnormal movements

habitual

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20
Q

What does abrasion lead to ?

A

v shaped cervical lesions

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21
Q

What is the sugar used for glucans ?

A

sucrose

high energy glycosidie bond

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22
Q

What allows the initiation of tooth development and tooth froming region ?

A

antagonistically acting molecules secreted by the oral epithelium

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23
Q

Which teeth are most likely to be effected with a PAX9 gene mutation ?

A

permenant molars

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24
Q

Where are accessory root canals found ?

A

in the root apex

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25
Q

Which gene family encodes for transcription factors ?

A

MSX

Wnt is signalling molecule

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26
Q

Which process takes place in the body of a carious lesion /

A

enamel destruction

27
Q

What is torus platinus ?

A

benign overgrowth of the palate

28
Q

What is the order of PDL fibres ?

A

Transseptal
alveolar crest
horizontal
oblique

29
Q

What type of mucosa is the hard palate ?

A

Medial palate mucosa is thick and orthokeratinised mucoperosteum

30
Q

What happens in formation ?

A

differnetiation of osteoblats

31
Q

What happens in resorption ?

A

activation of osteoclasts

32
Q

What happens in resting ?

A

coverage by bone lining cells

33
Q

What happens in reversal ?

A

disappearance of osteoclasts

34
Q

What is the cortical plate ?

A

surface layer of outermost alveoalr bone
supported by osteons
Thicker in mandible and buccaly
thickers in 4s and 5s

35
Q

What is the spongiosa ?

A

trabcular (cancellous bone)
rich in adipose tissue
absennt in anterior teeth

36
Q

What is the alveolar plate ?

A

lamellar bone
bundle bone
sharpeys fibres
perforation for blood vessels

37
Q

Where are osteoclasts found ?

A

howships lacunae

38
Q

What is the function of bone lining cells ?

A

protection from resorption

initiatiating bone remodelling

39
Q

Which PRR recognises double stranded RNA ?

A

TLR3

viruses

40
Q

What are the TFs produced when a PAMP binds to TLR4 ?

A

NF-Kbeta

IRF

41
Q

Which cytokines are produced in innate signalling ?

A

IL-1- neutrophil activation
IL-6 B cell activation
IL-12 Nk cell activation

42
Q

What are the tissues involved in the acute phase response ?

A

Liver
bone marrow
fat muscle
hypothalamus

43
Q

Which cell surface molecule is expressed on all T cells ?

A

CD3

44
Q

Where does antigen presentation take place ?

A

in the germinal centres of the lymph nodes

45
Q

Where does B cell activation by T cells take place ?

A

germinal centres- lymph nodes

46
Q

How is T cell activation induced immediately after activation ?

A

IL-2 receptor and IL-2 secreted

47
Q

What are the locii for the heavy and light chains ?

A

heavy chain- 3 locii

light chain- 2 locii called kappa and lambda

48
Q

Which enzyme mediated gene arrangement for cell surface molecules ?

A

RAG

for TCRs and antibodies

49
Q

What does somatic hypermutation allow ?

A

microevolution of affintiy for antigen- strogner affintiy for antigen during the primary immune response

50
Q

Where does isotype switch happen and how is it regulated ?

A

IgM to IgG
in the germinal centres
regulated by cytokines

51
Q

Which 2 factors promote periodontitis

A

age

smoking

52
Q

What histological changes happen in a lymphocytic infiltrate ?

A

densely staining cells with no structure/boundary/ regular shape

53
Q

Which 2 responses might exacerbate host responses to dental plaque ?

A

type 2 diabetes

obesity

54
Q

Give 2 emerging pathogens ?

A

HIV

ebola

55
Q

Give 2 eradicated pathogens?

A

small pox

polio

56
Q

What is mucin secrered by ?

A

epithelial cells

57
Q

Which site is the site of majority of human disease in mucosa ?

A

lungs

58
Q

What is the biological basis for AMP action ?

A

amphipathic

attack biological membranes

59
Q

Which 2 molecules stimulate neutrophil chemotaxis ?

A

cytokines

complement

60
Q

How is haemoatopoieses regulated ?

A

bone stromal cells

cytokines

61
Q

Which tissue of the mucosal immune system provide immunity in the mouth ?

A

salivary glands

62
Q

What is the apearance of moncytes ?

A

kidney shape dnucleus

63
Q

What is the appearance of lymphocytes /

A

round
eccnetric nucleus
lots of ER

64
Q

Name 4 molecules that mediate pathogen destruction in neutrophils ?

A

NO
ROS
lysozyme
AMPs

BDS stage 2 (28 decks)

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