Corrections Flashcards
Why do we get enamel discolouration ?
ageing leads to thinning of enamel
shining of the dentine through the enamel
What do stains in enamel get trapped in ?
microscopic pits
How does hydrogen peroxide whiten teeth ?
free radicals enter enamel pores
reduce large chromogenic molecules into smaller molecules that diffuse out of the pores
Why does enamel get more mineralised over time ?
fluorapatite
What happens in enamel remineralisation ?
calcium
fluoride
phosphate
Describe the strucuture of enamel carious lesions ?
surface zone- enamel remineralisation and intact
Body - enamel destruction
dark zone- enamel remineralisation
translucent zone- enamel demineralisation
How are WSL reversible ?
removal of biofilm
intact enamel
What does secondary dentine do ?
reduces the size of the pulp chamber
What is the structure of secondary dentine compared with primary dentine ?
odontoblast death means less tubules
Why does peritubular dentine form ?
deposition of calcium phosphate ions from dentinal fluid
What does peritubular dentine not contain ?
collagen
What does sclerotic dentine look like ?
transparent
Why does sclerotic dentine form ?
pathological or physiological
Where do odontoblast like cells come from in reparative dentine ?
dental pulp
What happens in response to attrition ?
reactionary dentine
peritubular dentine
wear of the crown
What are the different types of pulp stones ?
false- calcified degenerated pulp tissue
true- organic matrix and dentinal tubules
diffuse calculations- blood vessels and collagen
What are some age changes in the PDL ?
decreased cell numbers shorter life spans increased collagen thicker bundles less regular sharpeys fibres
What is phsyiological attirtion ?
due to mastication
affects occlusal and interproximal areas
What is pathologiacal attrition ?
chewing and abnormal movements
habitual
What does abrasion lead to ?
v shaped cervical lesions
What is the sugar used for glucans ?
sucrose
high energy glycosidie bond
What allows the initiation of tooth development and tooth froming region ?
antagonistically acting molecules secreted by the oral epithelium
Which teeth are most likely to be effected with a PAX9 gene mutation ?
permenant molars
Where are accessory root canals found ?
in the root apex
Which gene family encodes for transcription factors ?
MSX
Wnt is signalling molecule
Which process takes place in the body of a carious lesion /
enamel destruction
What is torus platinus ?
benign overgrowth of the palate
What is the order of PDL fibres ?
Transseptal
alveolar crest
horizontal
oblique
What type of mucosa is the hard palate ?
Medial palate mucosa is thick and orthokeratinised mucoperosteum
What happens in formation ?
differnetiation of osteoblats
What happens in resorption ?
activation of osteoclasts
What happens in resting ?
coverage by bone lining cells
What happens in reversal ?
disappearance of osteoclasts
What is the cortical plate ?
surface layer of outermost alveoalr bone
supported by osteons
Thicker in mandible and buccaly
thickers in 4s and 5s
What is the spongiosa ?
trabcular (cancellous bone)
rich in adipose tissue
absennt in anterior teeth
What is the alveolar plate ?
lamellar bone
bundle bone
sharpeys fibres
perforation for blood vessels
Where are osteoclasts found ?
howships lacunae
What is the function of bone lining cells ?
protection from resorption
initiatiating bone remodelling
Which PRR recognises double stranded RNA ?
TLR3
viruses
What are the TFs produced when a PAMP binds to TLR4 ?
NF-Kbeta
IRF
Which cytokines are produced in innate signalling ?
IL-1- neutrophil activation
IL-6 B cell activation
IL-12 Nk cell activation
What are the tissues involved in the acute phase response ?
Liver
bone marrow
fat muscle
hypothalamus
Which cell surface molecule is expressed on all T cells ?
CD3
Where does antigen presentation take place ?
in the germinal centres of the lymph nodes
Where does B cell activation by T cells take place ?
germinal centres- lymph nodes
How is T cell activation induced immediately after activation ?
IL-2 receptor and IL-2 secreted
What are the locii for the heavy and light chains ?
heavy chain- 3 locii
light chain- 2 locii called kappa and lambda
Which enzyme mediated gene arrangement for cell surface molecules ?
RAG
for TCRs and antibodies
What does somatic hypermutation allow ?
microevolution of affintiy for antigen- strogner affintiy for antigen during the primary immune response
Where does isotype switch happen and how is it regulated ?
IgM to IgG
in the germinal centres
regulated by cytokines
Which 2 factors promote periodontitis
age
smoking
What histological changes happen in a lymphocytic infiltrate ?
densely staining cells with no structure/boundary/ regular shape
Which 2 responses might exacerbate host responses to dental plaque ?
type 2 diabetes
obesity
Give 2 emerging pathogens ?
HIV
ebola
Give 2 eradicated pathogens?
small pox
polio
What is mucin secrered by ?
epithelial cells
Which site is the site of majority of human disease in mucosa ?
lungs
What is the biological basis for AMP action ?
amphipathic
attack biological membranes
Which 2 molecules stimulate neutrophil chemotaxis ?
cytokines
complement
How is haemoatopoieses regulated ?
bone stromal cells
cytokines
Which tissue of the mucosal immune system provide immunity in the mouth ?
salivary glands
What is the apearance of moncytes ?
kidney shape dnucleus
What is the appearance of lymphocytes /
round
eccnetric nucleus
lots of ER
Name 4 molecules that mediate pathogen destruction in neutrophils ?
NO
ROS
lysozyme
AMPs
