Microbiology D (General Micro) Flashcards by Milagros Andrea Alemania Mateo

Which of the following is TRUE about bacteria?
a. Lacks nucleus
b.Has lysosome
c. Has endoplasmic reticulum
d.Lacks plasmid

Lacks nucleus

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Which of the following is TRUE about viruses?
a. Animate outside the host
b.Has plasmids
c. Multiply without the host
d.Only the nucleic acid is replicated

Only the nucleic acid is replicated

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What makes fungi different from bacteria?
a. Have sterols in their cytoplasmic membrane
b.Smaller in size
c. No nuclear membrane
d.Have teichoic acids

Have sterols in their cytoplasmic membrane

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Which of these is TRUE for bacteria?
a. Eukaryotic
b.All are pathogenic
c. Reproduce by sexual reproduction
d.Has 70S ribosome

Has 70S ribosome

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All of these structures are present in a bacterial cell EXCEPT
a. Chromosome
b.Mitochondrion
c. Cell wall
d.Cytoplasm

Mitochondrion

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How does a bacterial cell reproduce?
a. Binary fission
b.Budding
c. Mitosis
d.RNA replication

Binary fission

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What is common to intracellular bacteria and viruses?
a. They are presented by MHC Class I
b.Activates helper T cell
c. Exit the cell via exocytosis
d.Stimulates antibody production

They are presented by MHC Class I

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What type of genetic material is most commonly found in bacterial cells?
a. Linear DNA within the nucleus
b.Circular DNA in the cytoplasm
c. RNA only
d.Multiple linear chromosomes

Circular DNA in the cytoplasm

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Which of the following BEST distinguishes bacteria from archaea?
a. Presence of a cell wall
b.Lack of nucleus
c. Composition of cell membrane lipids
d.Ability to perform photosynthesis

Composition of cell membrane lipids

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What is the primary function of bacterial pili?
a. Locomotion
b.Photosynthesis
c. Attachment and genetic transfer
d.Protein synthesis

Attachment and genetic transfer

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How do most bacteria obtain their nutrients?
a. Photosynthesis only
b.Absorption through the cell membrane
c. Ingestion of solid particles
d.Through a mouth-like structure

Absorption through the cell membrane

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Which of the following is TRUE about bacterial gene expression?
a. It involves intron splicing
b.Transcription and translation are coupled
c. It always requires multiple chromosomes
d.It only occurs during cell division

Transcription and translation are coupled

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Which of these is a unique feature of some bacteria and allows them to survive in harsh conditions?
a. Mitochondria
b.Endospore
c. Chloroplasts
d.Golgi apparatus

Endospore

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Which of the following is the primary component of most bacterial cell walls?
a. Chitin
b.Cellulose
c. Peptidoglycan
d.Phospholipids

Peptidoglycan

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What is the typical size of bacterial cells?
a. 0.2 – 2 micrometers
b.2-20 micrometers
c. 20-200 micrometers
d.200-2000 micrometers

0.2 – 2 micrometers

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What is the main function of fimbriae in bacteria?
a. Locomotion
b.Photosynthesis
c. Attachment to cell surface
d.Reproduction

Attachment to cell surface

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Which of these is TRUE regarding bacterial conjugation?
a. Bacteria produce progeny by budding.
b.Donor bacterium transfers mobile plasmid through its F-pilus to a recipient bacterium.
c. It is a form of sexual reproduction.
d.All are true.

Donor bacterium transfers mobile plasmid through its F-pilus to a recipient bacterium

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What is this structure used by some bacteria for locomotion?
a. Pili
b.Capsule
c. Endospore
d.Flagella

Flagella

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This structure facilitates bacterial adhesion to surfaces and provide a protective shield against host immune recognition.
a. Pili
b.Capsule
c. Endospore
d.Flagella

Capsule

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Which kingdom do molds and yeast belong to?
a. Plantae
b.Animalia
c. Fungi
d.Protista

Fungi

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Which of these is a common genus of a mold found in feeds?
a. Saccharomyces
b.Candida
c. Aspergillus
d.Escherichia

Aspergillus

What is the primary difference between molds and yeasts in terms of growth form?
a. Molds are unicellular, yeasts are multicellular
b.Molds are filamentous, yeasts are typically unicellular
c. Molds are prokaryotic, yeasts are eukaryotic
d.Molds are photosynthetic, yeasts are not

Molds are filamentous, yeasts are typically unicellular

Which of these structures is typically found in molds but not in yeasts?
a. Cell wall
b.Nucleus
c. Hyphae
d.Mitochondria

Hyphae

Which of these is a dimorphic fungus that can exist as both mold and yeast forms?
a. Saccharomyces cerevisiae
b.Aspergillus fumigatus
c. Candida albicans
d.Penicillium notatum

Candida albicans

Which of these mold genera is known for producing mycotoxins in food? a. Saccharomyces b.Penicillium c. Rhizopus d.Agaricus

Penicillium

What type of reproduction is common in both molds and yeasts? a. Binary fission b.Conjugation c. Asexual reproduction d.Photosynthesis

Asexual reproduction

What is the term for the vegetative body of a mold? a. Hypha b.Mycelium c. Fruiting body d.Conidium

Mycelium

What is the most common genus of yeast used in baking and brewing? a. Saccharomyces b.Candida c. Aspergillus d.Escherichia

Saccharomyces

What is the primary component of fungal cell walls? a. Cellulose b.Peptidoglycan c. Chitin d.Lignin

Chitin

How do fungi obtain their nutrients? a. Photosynthesis b.Absorption c. Ingestion d.Chemosynthesis

Absorption

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of viruses? a. They contain genetic material b.They can reproduce independently c. They require a host cell to replicate d.They can cause diseases

They can reproduce independently

What type of genetic material can viruses contain? a. DNA only b.RNA only c. Either DNA or RNA, but not both d.Both DNA and RNA simultaneously

Either DNA or RNA, but not both

How do most viruses enter host cells? a. Through active transport b.By digesting the cell membrane c. By binding to specific receptors on the cell surface d.Through osmosis

By binding to specific receptors on the cell surface

Which of the following is a key difference between viruses and prions? a. Only viruses can cause diseases b.Only prions can replicate c. Viruses contain genetic material, prions do not d.Prions are alive, viruses are not

Viruses contain genetic material, prions do not

What is the gold standard for bacterial detection, identification and disease diagnosis? a. Cultivation-based method b.Serology c. Nucleic acid-based techniques d.Colorimetric techniques

Cultivation-based method

Which of the following is typically the first step in identifying an unknown bacterial pathogen from a clinical sample? a. PCR analysis b.Antibiotic susceptibility testing c. Gram staining d.Biochemical testing

Gram staining

What is the primary purpose of using selective media in bacterial culture? a. To promote rapid growth of all bacteria b.To inhibit the growth of unwanted organisms c. To identify antibiotic resistance d.To determine bacterial motility

To inhibit the growth of unwanted organisms

What is the main advantage of using MALDI-TOF MS (Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry) in bacterial identification? a. It provides antibiotic susceptibility results b.It's cheaper than traditional methods c. It offers rapid identification with high accuracy d.It can detect viral pathogens

It offers rapid identification with high accuracy

What is the primary purpose of using enrichment broths in bacterial culture? a. To identify antibiotic resistance b.To increase the number of target organisms c. To determine bacterial motility d.To perform biochemical tests

To increase the number of target organisms

What is the main advantage of using chromogenic media in bacterial identification? a. It allows for direct species identification based on colony color b.It provides antibiotic susceptibility results c. It's cheaper than traditional media d.It can detect viral pathogens

It allows for direct species identification based on colony color

Which technique is most appropriate for determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of an antibiotic? a. Disk diffusion method b.Broth dilution method c. Gram staining d.Polymerase Chain Reaction

Broth dilution method

Which of the following is NOT a common mechanism of antimicrobial resistance? a. Enzymatic inactivation of the drug b.Alteration of the drug target c. Increased cell wall thickness d.Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis

Which of the following practices is LEAST likely to contribute to the development of antibiotic resistance? a. Prescribing antibiotics for viral infections b.Using narrow-spectrum antibiotics when appropriate c. Not completing a full course of antibiotics d.Overuse of antibiotics in livestock

Using narrow-spectrum antibiotics when appropriate

Which of the following is an example of an antibiotic stewardship practice? a. Prescribing antibiotics for all upper respiratory infections b.Using the broadest spectrum antibiotic available for all infections c. Implementing protocols for appropriate antibiotic use in hospitals d.Encouraging patients to save leftover antibiotics for future use

Implementing protocols for appropriate antibiotic use in hospitals

What is the primary purpose of antibiotic cycling in hospitals? a. To ensure all patients receive every type of antibiotic b.To reduce selective pressure on bacterial populations c. To increase antibiotic sales d.To simplify antibiotic prescribing

To reduce selective pressure on bacterial populations

Which of the following methods is most commonly used for routine antimicrobial susceptibility testing in clinical laboratories? a. E-test b.Disk diffusion method c. Broth microdilution d.PCR

Disk diffusion method

What does the acronym MRSA stand for in the context of antimicrobial resistance? a.Multi-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus b.Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus c.Majorly Resistant Streptococcus aureus d.Metronidazole-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

What is the primary advantage of using molecular methods like PCR for detecting antibiotic resistance genes? a. Lower cost b.Easier to perform c.Rapid results d.Better standardization

Rapid results

Which of the following methods is best suited for determining the mechanism of resistance in a bacterial isolate? a. Disk diffusion method b.E-test c.Whole genome sequencing d.MALDI-TOF MS

Whole genome sequencing

What is the primary purpose of using control strains in antimicrobial susceptibility testing? a.To increase the growth rate of test organisms b.To ensure the quality and accuracy of the test c.To produce more clear zones of inhibition d.To reduce the cost of testing

To ensure the quality and accuracy of the test