Microbiology D (General Micro) Flashcards
Which of the following is TRUE about bacteria?
a. Lacks nucleus
b.Has lysosome
c. Has endoplasmic reticulum
d.Lacks plasmid
Lacks nucleus
Which of the following is TRUE about viruses?
a. Animate outside the host
b.Has plasmids
c. Multiply without the host
d.Only the nucleic acid is replicated
Only the nucleic acid is replicated
What makes fungi different from bacteria?
a. Have sterols in their cytoplasmic membrane
b.Smaller in size
c. No nuclear membrane
d.Have teichoic acids
Have sterols in their cytoplasmic membrane
Which of these is TRUE for bacteria?
a. Eukaryotic
b.All are pathogenic
c. Reproduce by sexual reproduction
d.Has 70S ribosome
Has 70S ribosome
All of these structures are present in a bacterial cell EXCEPT
a. Chromosome
b.Mitochondrion
c. Cell wall
d.Cytoplasm
Mitochondrion
How does a bacterial cell reproduce?
a. Binary fission
b.Budding
c. Mitosis
d.RNA replication
Binary fission
What is common to intracellular bacteria and viruses?
a. They are presented by MHC Class I
b.Activates helper T cell
c. Exit the cell via exocytosis
d.Stimulates antibody production
They are presented by MHC Class I
What type of genetic material is most commonly found in bacterial cells?
a. Linear DNA within the nucleus
b.Circular DNA in the cytoplasm
c. RNA only
d.Multiple linear chromosomes
Circular DNA in the cytoplasm
Which of the following BEST distinguishes bacteria from archaea?
a. Presence of a cell wall
b.Lack of nucleus
c. Composition of cell membrane lipids
d.Ability to perform photosynthesis
Composition of cell membrane lipids
What is the primary function of bacterial pili?
a. Locomotion
b.Photosynthesis
c. Attachment and genetic transfer
d.Protein synthesis
Attachment and genetic transfer
How do most bacteria obtain their nutrients?
a. Photosynthesis only
b.Absorption through the cell membrane
c. Ingestion of solid particles
d.Through a mouth-like structure
Absorption through the cell membrane
Which of the following is TRUE about bacterial gene expression?
a. It involves intron splicing
b.Transcription and translation are coupled
c. It always requires multiple chromosomes
d.It only occurs during cell division
Transcription and translation are coupled
Which of these is a unique feature of some bacteria and allows them to survive in harsh conditions?
a. Mitochondria
b.Endospore
c. Chloroplasts
d.Golgi apparatus
Endospore
Which of the following is the primary component of most bacterial cell walls?
a. Chitin
b.Cellulose
c. Peptidoglycan
d.Phospholipids
Peptidoglycan
What is the typical size of bacterial cells?
a. 0.2 – 2 micrometers
b.2-20 micrometers
c. 20-200 micrometers
d.200-2000 micrometers
0.2 – 2 micrometers
What is the main function of fimbriae in bacteria?
a. Locomotion
b.Photosynthesis
c. Attachment to cell surface
d.Reproduction
Attachment to cell surface
Which of these is TRUE regarding bacterial conjugation?
a. Bacteria produce progeny by budding.
b.Donor bacterium transfers mobile plasmid through its F-pilus to a recipient bacterium.
c. It is a form of sexual reproduction.
d.All are true.
Donor bacterium transfers mobile plasmid through its F-pilus to a recipient bacterium
What is this structure used by some bacteria for locomotion?
a. Pili
b.Capsule
c. Endospore
d.Flagella
Flagella
This structure facilitates bacterial adhesion to surfaces and provide a protective shield against host immune recognition.
a. Pili
b.Capsule
c. Endospore
d.Flagella
Capsule
Which kingdom do molds and yeast belong to?
a. Plantae
b.Animalia
c. Fungi
d.Protista
Fungi
Which of these is a common genus of a mold found in feeds?
a. Saccharomyces
b.Candida
c. Aspergillus
d.Escherichia
Aspergillus
What is the primary difference between molds and yeasts in terms of growth form?
a. Molds are unicellular, yeasts are multicellular
b.Molds are filamentous, yeasts are typically unicellular
c. Molds are prokaryotic, yeasts are eukaryotic
d.Molds are photosynthetic, yeasts are not
Molds are filamentous, yeasts are typically unicellular
Which of these structures is typically found in molds but not in yeasts?
a. Cell wall
b.Nucleus
c. Hyphae
d.Mitochondria
Hyphae
Which of these is a dimorphic fungus that can exist as both mold and yeast forms?
a. Saccharomyces cerevisiae
b.Aspergillus fumigatus
c. Candida albicans
d.Penicillium notatum
Candida albicans
Which of these mold genera is known for producing mycotoxins in food?
a. Saccharomyces
b.Penicillium
c. Rhizopus
d.Agaricus
Penicillium
What type of reproduction is common in both molds and yeasts?
a. Binary fission
b.Conjugation
c. Asexual reproduction
d.Photosynthesis
Asexual reproduction
What is the term for the vegetative body of a mold?
a. Hypha
b.Mycelium
c. Fruiting body
d.Conidium
Mycelium
What is the most common genus of yeast used in baking and brewing?
a. Saccharomyces
b.Candida
c. Aspergillus
d.Escherichia
Saccharomyces
What is the primary component of fungal cell walls?
a. Cellulose
b.Peptidoglycan
c. Chitin
d.Lignin
Chitin
How do fungi obtain their nutrients?
a. Photosynthesis
b.Absorption
c. Ingestion
d.Chemosynthesis
Absorption
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of viruses?
a. They contain genetic material
b.They can reproduce independently
c. They require a host cell to replicate
d.They can cause diseases
They can reproduce independently
What type of genetic material can viruses contain?
a. DNA only
b.RNA only
c. Either DNA or RNA, but not both
d.Both DNA and RNA simultaneously
Either DNA or RNA, but not both
How do most viruses enter host cells?
a. Through active transport
b.By digesting the cell membrane
c. By binding to specific receptors on the cell surface
d.Through osmosis
By binding to specific receptors on the cell surface
Which of the following is a key difference between viruses and prions?
a. Only viruses can cause diseases
b.Only prions can replicate
c. Viruses contain genetic material, prions do not
d.Prions are alive, viruses are not
Viruses contain genetic material, prions do not
What is the gold standard for bacterial detection, identification and
disease diagnosis?
a. Cultivation-based method
b.Serology
c. Nucleic acid-based techniques
d.Colorimetric techniques
Cultivation-based method
Which of the following is typically the first step in identifying an unknown bacterial pathogen from a clinical sample?
a. PCR analysis
b.Antibiotic susceptibility testing
c. Gram staining
d.Biochemical testing
Gram staining
What is the primary purpose of using selective media in bacterial culture?
a. To promote rapid growth of all bacteria
b.To inhibit the growth of unwanted organisms
c. To identify antibiotic resistance
d.To determine bacterial motility
To inhibit the growth of unwanted organisms
What is the main advantage of using MALDI-TOF MS (Matrix-Assisted
Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry) in
bacterial identification?
a. It provides antibiotic susceptibility results
b.It’s cheaper than traditional methods
c. It offers rapid identification with high accuracy
d.It can detect viral pathogens
It offers rapid identification with high accuracy
What is the primary purpose of using enrichment broths in bacterial culture?
a. To identify antibiotic resistance
b.To increase the number of target organisms
c. To determine bacterial motility
d.To perform biochemical tests
To increase the number of target organisms
What is the main advantage of using chromogenic media in bacterial
identification?
a. It allows for direct species identification based on colony color
b.It provides antibiotic susceptibility results
c. It’s cheaper than traditional media
d.It can detect viral pathogens
It allows for direct species identification based on colony color
Which technique is most appropriate for determining the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of an antibiotic?
a. Disk diffusion method
b.Broth dilution method
c. Gram staining
d.Polymerase Chain Reaction
Broth dilution method
Which of the following is NOT a common mechanism of antimicrobial
resistance?
a. Enzymatic inactivation of the drug
b.Alteration of the drug target
c. Increased cell wall thickness
d.Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis
Which of the following practices is LEAST likely to contribute to the
development of antibiotic resistance?
a. Prescribing antibiotics for viral infections
b.Using narrow-spectrum antibiotics when appropriate
c. Not completing a full course of antibiotics
d.Overuse of antibiotics in livestock
Using narrow-spectrum antibiotics when appropriate
Which of the following is an example of an antibiotic stewardship
practice?
a. Prescribing antibiotics for all upper respiratory infections
b.Using the broadest spectrum antibiotic available for all
infections
c. Implementing protocols for appropriate antibiotic use in
hospitals
d.Encouraging patients to save leftover antibiotics for
future use
Implementing protocols for appropriate antibiotic use in hospitals
What is the primary purpose of antibiotic cycling in hospitals?
a. To ensure all patients receive every type of antibiotic
b.To reduce selective pressure on bacterial populations
c. To increase antibiotic sales
d.To simplify antibiotic prescribing
To reduce selective pressure on bacterial populations
Which of the following methods is most commonly used for routine antimicrobial susceptibility testing in clinical laboratories?
a. E-test
b.Disk diffusion method
c. Broth microdilution
d.PCR
Disk diffusion method
What does the acronym MRSA stand for in the context of
antimicrobial resistance?
a.Multi-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
b.Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
c.Majorly Resistant Streptococcus aureus
d.Metronidazole-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
What is the primary advantage of using molecular methods like PCR for detecting antibiotic resistance genes?
a. Lower cost
b.Easier to perform
c.Rapid results
d.Better standardization
Rapid results
Which of the following methods is best suited for determining the
mechanism of resistance in a bacterial isolate?
a. Disk diffusion method
b.E-test
c.Whole genome sequencing
d.MALDI-TOF MS
Whole genome sequencing
What is the primary purpose of using control strains in antimicrobial susceptibility testing?
a.To increase the growth rate of test organisms
b.To ensure the quality and accuracy of the test
c.To produce more clear zones of inhibition
d.To reduce the cost of testing
To ensure the quality and accuracy of the test
