Immunology Flashcards
An enhanced state of responsiveness to a specific substance, introduced by prior contact with that substance
Immunity
What are the two types of immunity?
Natural/Innate immunity
Acquired/adaptive immunity
What are the characteristics of the two types of immunity? (5)
Specificity
Mechanical
Humoral
Cellular
Induction
Of the 5 characteristics of types of immunity, what are the characteristics of natural/innate immunity?
Specificity: Nonspecific
Mechanical: Skin, mucous membrane
Humoral: pH, lysozome, serum proteins
Cellular: White blood cells
Induction: Constitutive, does not acquire immunization
Of the 5 characteristics of types of immunity, what are the characteristics of acquired immunity?
Specificity: Specific
Mechanical: Immune induced reactive fibrosis
Humoral: Immunoglobulin antibodies
Cellular: Specifically sensitized lymphocytes
Induction:
requires previous contact for immunization
Of the two types of immunity, this is present since birth and is nonspecific.
Natural immunity
With natural immunity, what are the examples of its components? (6)
Skin
Mucus membrane
Macrophages
Monocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Of the two types of immunity, this is expressed after exposure to a given specific substance.
Acquired immunity
What are the two components of acquired immunity?
Primary immune response
Secondary/anamnestic immune response
What are the characteristics of primary immune response?
-Initial exposure to a certain pathogen
-Followed by induction or specifically reactive T cells
What are the characteristics of secondary/anamnestic immune response?
-Contact to known pathogen
-Production of antibodies or sensitized lymphocytes which increases resistance to pathogen
What are the two types of acquired immunity?
Humoral immunity
Cell-mediated immunity
What are the four main components of the immune system?
Central lymphoid organs
Peripheral lymphoid organs
Cells of the immune system
Molecules of the immune system
In the four main components of the immune system, what are included in the central lymphoid organs? (3)
Bone marrow
Thymus
Bursa
Why are the central lymphoid organs important?
They are the location of lymphoid cell maturation
In the four main components of the immune system, what are included in the peripheral lymphoid organs? (5)
Spleen
Lymph nodes
Lymphatic channels
Tonsil
Peyer’s patches
Why are the peripheral lymphoid organs important?
They are the location of lymphoid cell reactivity
In the four main components of the immune system, what are included in the cells of the immune system? (3)
Granulocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
In the four main components of the immune system, what are included in the molecules of the immune system? (2)
Antibodies (immunoglobulins)
Lymphokines
What stem cell that develops into the cells of the immune system?
Pluripotent stem cells
Where are pluripotent stem cells mainly sourced from? (3)
Embryonic yolk sac
Fetal liver
Adult bone marrow
What are the three location of pluripotent stem cell maturation?
Bone marrow
Bursa of Fabricius
Thymus
What immune cell does pluripotent stem cells turn into when in the bone marrow of adult animals?
B cells
What immune cell does pluripotent stem cells turn into when in animals Bursa of Fabricius of birds?
B cells
What immune cell does pluripotent stem cells turn into when in the thymus?
T cells
Why are B cells important?
Generates humoral immunity
How does B cells function? (2)
-They are activated by specific receptors (immunoglobulins) on their surface for antigen recognition
-Matures intos antibody producing plasma cells
Once B cells mature, where can they predominantly located? (2)
Germinal centers of lymph node
Germinal centers of spleen
Of the two types of acquired immunity, where are B cells involved in?
Humoral immunity
How does T cells function? (3)
-They help B cells become antigen-producing plasma cells
-They have specific receptors on surface for antigen recognition
-They have participate in immune response suppression
Once T cells mature, where can they predominantly located? (3)
In circulation
Interfollicular areas of lymph node
Interfollicular areas of spleen
What is the significant happening in the history of immunology in the 12th century?
Chicken pox variolation/inoculation
What is the significant happening in the history of immunology in 1754?
Rinderpest outbreak which eventually lead to virus inoculation on animals for prevention and control of Rinderpest
What is the significant happening in the history of immunology in 1789?
Edward Jenner used cowpox virus as a vaccine for smallpox in humans. The word vaccination (vacca=cow) was coined
What is the significant happenings in the history of immunology in 1879? (2)
-Louis Pasteur established the general principle of vaccination using P. multocida in chickens
-Rabies vaccine using dry spinal cord from rabbits
What is the significant happening in the history of immunology in 1890-1904?
Von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato tested vaccines for diphteria and tetanus
What is the significant happening in the history of immunology in 1905?
Robert Koch discovered tuberculin reaction
What is the significant happening in the history of immunology in 1955-1960?
Jonas Salk and Alfred Sabin discovered the different forms of poliomyelitis vaccine
What is the significant happening in the history of immunology in 1984?
Goerge Koehler and Cesar Milstein produced monoclonal antibodies
