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Veterinary Microbiology > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

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1
Q

An enhanced state of responsiveness to a specific substance, introduced by prior contact with that substance

A

Immunity

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2
Q

What are the two types of immunity?

A

Natural/Innate immunity
Acquired/adaptive immunity

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3
Q

What are the characteristics of the two types of immunity? (5)

A

Specificity
Mechanical
Humoral
Cellular
Induction

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4
Q

Of the 5 characteristics of types of immunity, what are the characteristics of natural/innate immunity?

A

Specificity: Nonspecific
Mechanical: Skin, mucous membrane
Humoral: pH, lysozome, serum proteins
Cellular: White blood cells
Induction: Constitutive, does not acquire immunization

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5
Q

Of the 5 characteristics of types of immunity, what are the characteristics of acquired immunity?

A

Specificity: Specific
Mechanical: Immune induced reactive fibrosis
Humoral: Immunoglobulin antibodies
Cellular: Specifically sensitized lymphocytes
Induction:
requires previous contact for immunization

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6
Q

Of the two types of immunity, this is present since birth and is nonspecific.

A

Natural immunity

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7
Q

With natural immunity, what are the examples of its components? (6)

A

Skin
Mucus membrane
Macrophages
Monocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils

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8
Q

Of the two types of immunity, this is expressed after exposure to a given specific substance.

A

Acquired immunity

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9
Q

What are the two components of acquired immunity?

A

Primary immune response
Secondary/anamnestic immune response

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10
Q

What are the characteristics of primary immune response?

A

-Initial exposure to a certain pathogen
-Followed by induction or specifically reactive T cells

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11
Q

What are the characteristics of secondary/anamnestic immune response?

A

-Contact to known pathogen
-Production of antibodies or sensitized lymphocytes which increases resistance to pathogen

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12
Q

What are the two types of acquired immunity?

A

Humoral immunity
Cell-mediated immunity

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13
Q

What are the four main components of the immune system?

A

Central lymphoid organs
Peripheral lymphoid organs
Cells of the immune system
Molecules of the immune system

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14
Q

In the four main components of the immune system, what are included in the central lymphoid organs? (3)

A

Bone marrow
Thymus
Bursa

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15
Q

Why are the central lymphoid organs important?

A

They are the location of lymphoid cell maturation

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16
Q

In the four main components of the immune system, what are included in the peripheral lymphoid organs? (5)

A

Spleen
Lymph nodes
Lymphatic channels
Tonsil
Peyer’s patches

17
Q

Why are the peripheral lymphoid organs important?

A

They are the location of lymphoid cell reactivity

18
Q

In the four main components of the immune system, what are included in the cells of the immune system? (3)

A

Granulocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes

19
Q

In the four main components of the immune system, what are included in the molecules of the immune system? (2)

A

Antibodies (immunoglobulins)
Lymphokines

20
Q

What stem cell that develops into the cells of the immune system?

A

Pluripotent stem cells

21
Q

Where are pluripotent stem cells mainly sourced from? (3)

A

Embryonic yolk sac
Fetal liver
Adult bone marrow

22
Q

What are the three location of pluripotent stem cell maturation?

A

Bone marrow
Bursa of Fabricius
Thymus

23
Q

What immune cell does pluripotent stem cells turn into when in the bone marrow of adult animals?

A

B cells

24
Q

What immune cell does pluripotent stem cells turn into when in animals Bursa of Fabricius of birds?

A

B cells

25
Q

What immune cell does pluripotent stem cells turn into when in the thymus?

A

T cells

26
Q

Why are B cells important?

A

Generates humoral immunity

27
Q

How does B cells function? (2)

A

-They are activated by specific receptors (immunoglobulins) on their surface for antigen recognition
-Matures intos antibody producing plasma cells

28
Q

Once B cells mature, where can they predominantly located? (2)

A

Germinal centers of lymph node
Germinal centers of spleen

29
Q

Of the two types of acquired immunity, where are B cells involved in?

A

Humoral immunity

30
Q

How does T cells function? (3)

A

-They help B cells become antigen-producing plasma cells
-They have specific receptors on surface for antigen recognition
-They have participate in immune response suppression

31
Q

Once T cells mature, where can they predominantly located? (3)

A

In circulation
Interfollicular areas of lymph node
Interfollicular areas of spleen

32
Q

What is the significant happening in the history of immunology in the 12th century?

A

Chicken pox variolation/inoculation

33
Q

What is the significant happening in the history of immunology in 1754?

A

Rinderpest outbreak which eventually lead to virus inoculation on animals for prevention and control of Rinderpest

34
Q

What is the significant happening in the history of immunology in 1789?

A

Edward Jenner used cowpox virus as a vaccine for smallpox in humans. The word vaccination (vacca=cow) was coined

35
Q

What is the significant happenings in the history of immunology in 1879? (2)

A

-Louis Pasteur established the general principle of vaccination using P. multocida in chickens
-Rabies vaccine using dry spinal cord from rabbits

36
Q

What is the significant happening in the history of immunology in 1890-1904?

A

Von Behring and Shibasaburo Kitasato tested vaccines for diphteria and tetanus

37
Q

What is the significant happening in the history of immunology in 1905?

A

Robert Koch discovered tuberculin reaction

38
Q

What is the significant happening in the history of immunology in 1955-1960?

A

Jonas Salk and Alfred Sabin discovered the different forms of poliomyelitis vaccine

39
Q

What is the significant happening in the history of immunology in 1984?

A

Goerge Koehler and Cesar Milstein produced monoclonal antibodies

Veterinary Microbiology (18 decks)

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