General Microbiology A Flashcards
Define Microbiology (Keywords)
-science
-study of organisms
-too small to be seen by the naked eye
Microbes included in the study of Microbiology (6)
Bacteria
Fungi
Viruses
Protozoa
Prions
Viroids
Suggested that disease was caused by invisible living creatures (2)
Lucretius
Girolamo Fracastoro
Performed the earliest microscopic observation and observed bees and weevils
Francesco Stelluti
Science or study of diseases in animal population
Epizoology
Term for the factors such as events, characteristics, or other definable entity that brings about change in a health condition or other defined characteristic.
Determinants
First to observe world of microorganisms. Observed “animalcules”
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Places meat in a jar and covered the jar with gauze to prevent direct access by flies. Proved that maggots were not spontaneously generated on decaying meat.
Francesco Redi
Suggested that spontaneous generation of animalcules resulted from the decay of more complex organisms. He thought organic matter contained a vital force that could confer the property of life on nonliving matter
John Needham
He proposed that air carried germs. Experiment: sealed flasks with water and seeds, boiled it. No growth. Proved how important air and temp to microbial growth
Lazzaro Spallanzani
Followed Spallanzani’s experiment, allowed air to pass in an acid but did not seal the flask.
Franz Schutz
Followed Spallanzani’s experiment, allowed air to pass in a red hot tube before allowing it to enter flask.
Theodor Schwann
Modified Spallanzani’s experiment, allowed air to enter flask of a heat-sterilized medium after it passed through sterile cotton wool. Resulted to no growth. (2)
Georg Friedrich Schoeder
Theodor von Dusch
Settled microbial origin by doing multiple experiments. First, filtered air through cotton and found objects that resembled plant spores. Found that when this piece of cotton was placed in a sterile medium that microbial growth appeared. Second, he placed nutrient solutions in flasks, heated their necks in a flame, and drew them out into a variety of curves, while keeping the ends of the necks open to the atmosphere. He then boiled the solutions and then let them cool down, these resulted in no microbial growth. Thus was called the Grandfather of Microbiology.
Louis Pasteur
Delt the final blow to spontaneous generation by using his special box. Using light, demonstrating visible presence of particles when shine upon. Proving that microorganisms were present in dust particles and the air. He also demonstrated the existence of heat-stable microorganisms (endospores).
John Tyndall
Field of science that aims to rebuild or create new life form from scratch by combining different molecules from different species
Synthetic biology
Made the first specific causal association between microorganism and disease in 1834 by proving a disease in silkworms was caused by fungal infection.
Agostino Bassi
Did practical use of proof of infection cause microorganisms by attempting to prevent postsurgical infection by the use of aseptic technique. Specifically, he used diluted phenol both on wound dressing and phenol aerosol during surgical prcedures.
Joseph Lister
She was the first to propose the use of agar to solidify a nutrient medium.
Frannie Elishemius Hesse
Developed the petri dish (plate) to contain solid culture media.
Richard Petri
He introduced the scientific approach to the field of medical microbiology by establishing rules necessary to create a cause-and-effect relationship between a microorganism and a disease
Robert Koch
What are the two major categories of microorganisms/microbes?
Acellular
Cellular
In the two major categories of microbes, what are the groups under the acellular category? (3)
Viroids
Prions
Viruses
These are microbes that are small, obligate, intracellular particles that possesses no organelles, cytoplasm, nucleus or nucleoid.
Virus
What are the two components that make up a virus?
DNA or RNA
Capsid (protein)
These are tiny fragments of nucleic acid known to cause diseases in crop plants, and plants only.
Viroids
Unusual protein discovered by Stanley Prusiner and colleagues isolated from scrapie-infected tissue. This has PrP gene which is primarily expresed in the brain.
Prions
What are the two prion proteins?
Prp^c (normal)
PrP^sc (scrapie)
What is the prion disease called in cattle?
Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy
What is the prion disease called in sheep?
Scrapie
What is the prion disease called in deer and elk?
Chronic wasting disease
What is the prion disease called in human?
Creutzfeldt-Jacob disease
In the two major categories of microbes, what are the groups under the cellular category? (2)
Prokaryotes
Eukaryotes
What are the examples of microbes that are prokaryotes? (2)
Archaea
Bacteria
This domain under the cellular microbes are able to to live in extreme environments.
Domain Archaea
Under the domain of Archaea, what are the 6 extreme environments they can survive?
Acid
Alkaline
Hot
Cold
Salt
High pressure
Microbes that can survive extreme environments are called?
Extremophiles
Extremophiles that can survive extreme acidity?
Acidophiles
Extremophiles that can survive extreme acidity?
Acidophiles
Extremophiles that can survive extreme alkalinity?
Alkalophiles
Extremophiles that can survive extreme hotness?
Thermophiles
Extremophiles that can survive extreme coldness?
Psychrophiles
Extremophiles that can survive extreme saltiness?
Halophiles
Extremophiles that can survive extreme pressure?
Piezophiles / Barophiles
Under the Domain Archaea, what are the four phylum? -archaeota
Euryarchaeota
Crenarchaeota
Korarchaeota
Nanonarchaeota
Of the four phylum of Domain Archaea, this two phylum consists mainly of hyperthermophile and are considered tentative phylums
Korarchaeota
Nanonarchaeota
Under the phylum of Euryarchaeota, these are the three groups.
Methanogens
Halophiles
Thermoacidophiles
The group under the phylum Euryarchaeota that is killed by presence of oxygen.
Methanogens
The group under the phylum Euryarchaeota that requires presence of oxygen to live , and also requires high salt concentration to reproduce
Halophiles
The group under the phylum Euryarchaeota that requires high temperatures and low pH t live
Thermoacidophiles
What are the conditions that the extremophile under the phylum of Crenarchaeota tends to prefer for life?
Hot environment (75 degrees celcius)
Acidic environment (2-3 pH)
Where specifically can you find Crenarchaeota?
Volcanic vents
This domain under the cellular microbes are adapted to diverse environments on earth (air, soil, water, overall surfaces).
Domain Bacteria
Under the Domain Bacteria, what are the 5/16 phylum of veterinary importance? PGCFS
Proteobacteria
Gram positive bacteria
Chlamydia
Flavobacteria
Spirochetes
Who established the oldest system of nomenclature for organisms in 1735?
Carolus Linnaeus
What is the fungus that makes beer?
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
There is an old classification of organisms before, this organization divides them into five (5) Kingdoms. What are these kingdoms?
Monera
Fungi
Plantae
Protista
Animalia
Based on old classification, under what Kingdom is bacteria?
Kingdom Monera
Based on old classification, under Kingdom Monera, what are the four (4) divisions of bacteria? GFTM -icutes
Gracilicutes
Firmicutes
Tenericutes
Mendosicutes
Distinct characteristic of Division Gracilicute under the Kingdom Monera (oldest classification)
Gram negative
Distinct characteristic of Division Firmicute under the Kingdom Monera (oldest classification)
Gram positive
Distinct characteristic of Division Tenericute under the Kingdom Monera (oldest classification)
Does not have cell wall
Distinct characteristic of Division Mendosicute under the Kingdom Monera (oldest classification)
Archaebacteria
He made a classification of organisms in the 1978. which was based on cellular organization of the organisms. Specifically, their 16s rRNA sequence.
Carl Woese
Under the organization of organisms by Carl Woese (seond oldest classification), what are the three (3) domains?
Bacteria
Archaea
Eucarya
Under the organization of organisms by Carl Woese on 1978, what is the description of Domain Bacteria?
Bacteria with peptidoglycan cell walls
Under the organization of organisms by Carl Woese on 1978, what is the description of Domain Archaea?
Bacteria lacking peptidoglycan cell walls
Under the organization of organisms by Carl Woese on 1978, what are the four (4) Kingdoms?
Protista
Fungi
Plantae
Animalia
Bacteriologist that discovered Klebsiella pneumonia
Edwin Klebs
Honored for the discovery of Salmonella typhirium that causes stupor in mice
Daniel Salmon
As per in the grouping of organism by Carl Woese, what are the two subunits of Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes?
Large subunit
Small subunit
As per in the grouping of organism by Carl Woese, what are the large subunits of Prokaryotes?
50s: 5s, 23s
As per in the grouping of organism by Carl Woese, what are the small subunits of Prokaryotes?
30s: 16s
As per in the grouping of organism by Carl Woese, what are the large subunits of Eukaryotes?
60s: 5s, 5.8s, 28s
As per in the grouping of organism by Carl Woese, what are the small subunits of Eukaryotes?
40s: 18s
What are the eight (8) major characteristics of bacteria?
Morphological characteristics
Chemical Composition
Cultural characteristics
Metabolic characteristics
Antigenic characteristics
Genetic characteristics
Pathogenecity
Ecological characteristics
Life processes of the cell which are an integrated series of chemical reactions called:
Metabolism
The different chemical reactions of an organism are catalyzed by proteins called:
Enzymes
These are circular DNa molecules that are capable of autonomous replication within bacterial cells. This structure indicates the ability of the cell to make toxin
Plasmids
