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Veterinary Microbiology > Epidemiology > Flashcards

Epidemiology Flashcards

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1
Q

The number of cases in a population in relation to the size of the population
a. Disease patterns
b.Disease frequency
c. Study population
d.Sample

A

Disease frequency

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2
Q

In the natural history of disease, this is considered the phases where clinical signs are not apparent but pathologic changes may already be detectable.
a. Susceptible
b.Subclinical
c. Clinical
d.Death

A

Subclinical

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3
Q

All of the following are considered host factors except:
a. Stress
b.Age
c. Infectivity
d.Sex

A

Infectivity

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4
Q

The aim of the prevention during the clinical phase of the natural history disease is to:
a. Prevent exposure
b.Prevent emerge of disease
c. Early diagnosis and treatment
d.Prevent or delay death

A

Early diagnosis and treatment

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5
Q

One approach used by epidemiologists focuses on:
a. Diagnosing disease
b.Treating patients
c. Comparing groups
d.Conducting physical examinations

A

Comparing groups

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6
Q

Which of the job roles below are field epidemiologists least likely to be involved in:
a. Conducting disease surveillance activities
b.Managing disease prevention and control programs
c. Developing disease models
d.Developing herd health programs

A

Developing disease models

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7
Q

Which mode of transmission may be classified as either direct or indirect?
a. Droplet spread
b.Airborne
c. Vehicle
d.Vector

A

Droplet spread

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8
Q

The following is an example of: “A sow that had a confirmed pregnancy diagnosis, but no live birth was witnessed, or aborted fetuses were found.”
a. Sample
b.Case definition
c. Population at risk
d.Animal at risk

A

Case definition

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9
Q

Prevalence measures the 1)__of cases within a 2)__-at-risk at a specified 3)__ in time.
a. 1) number 2) group 3) point
b. 1) proportion 2) population 3) date
c. 1) proportion 2) population 3) point
d. 1) proportion 2) group 3) date

A

1) proportion
2) population
3) point

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10
Q

The odds ratio describes the 1)__ of an event 2)__ compared to the 3)__ of an event 4)__.
a. 1) chance 2) incidence 3) probability 4) incidence
b. 1) odds 2) occuring 3) odds 4) not occurring
c. 1) odds 2) incidence 3) probability 4) occurring
d. 1) odds 2) occurring 3) odds 4) occurring

A

1) odds
2) occurring
3) odds
4) not occurring

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11
Q

The risk ratio is the 1)__ of disease occurring in an 2)__ group compared to the risk of disease 3)__ in a 4)__ group.
a. 1) odds 2) exposed 3) occuring 4) non-exposed
b. 1) risk 2) exposed 3) immunity 4) non-exposed
c. 1) risk 2) non-exposed 3) occuring 4) non-exposed
d. 1) risk 2) exposed 3) occuring 4) non-exposed

A

1) risk
2) exposed
3) occurring
4) non-exposed

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12
Q

Which of the following describes a Pandemic Disease?
a. A disease, health event or infectious agent occurring infrequently and without a discernible pattern.
b.A disease, health event or infectious agent that is constantly present within a given geographic area or population group.
c. A disease or health event affecting several individuals in clear excess of what would be expected for the population in a specific
region and a specific period of time.
d.An epidemic occurring over a very wide area including multiple countries or regions, crossing international boundaries and usually affecting a large number of individuals.

A

An epidemic occurring over a very wide area including multiple countries or regions, crossing international boundaries and usually affecting a large number of individuals.

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13
Q

Which of the following describes an Epidemic Disease?
a. A disease, health event or infectious agent occurring infrequently and without a discernible pattern.
b.A disease, health event or infectious agent that is constantly present within a given geographic area or population group.
c. A disease or health event affecting several individuals in clear excess of what would be expected for the population in a specific region and a specific period of time.
d.An epidemic occurring over a very wide area including multiple countries or regions, crossing international boundaries and usually affecting a large number of individuals.

A

A disease or health event affecting several individuals in clear excess of what would be expected for the population in a specific region and a specific period of time.

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14
Q

Which of the following describes an Endemic Disease?
a. A disease, health event or infectious agent occurring infrequently and without a discernible pattern.
b.A disease, health event or infectious agent that is constantly present within a given geographic area or population group.
c. A disease or health event affecting several individuals in clear excess of what would be expected for the population in a specific region and a specific period of time.
d.An epidemic occurring over a very wide area including multiple countries or regions, crossing international boundaries and usually affecting a large number of individuals.

A

A disease, health event or infectious agent that is constantly present within a given geographic area or population group.

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15
Q

Which of the following describes an Sporadic Disease?
a. A disease, health event or infectious agent occurring infrequently and without a discernible pattern.
b.A disease, health event or infectious agent that is constantly present within a given geographic area or population group.
c. A disease or health event affecting several individuals in clear excess of what would be expected for the population in a specific region and a specific period of time.
d.An epidemic occurring over a very wide area including multiple countries or regions, crossing international boundaries and usually affecting a large number of individuals.

A

A disease, health event or infectious agent occurring infrequently and without a discernible pattern.

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16
Q

What pattern of disease does this scenario represent? Two abortions at different times of year in a village with 100 cattle.
a. Sporadic
b.Endemic
c. Epidemic
d.Pandemic

A

Sporadic

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17
Q

You are called to be part of a team investigating an outbreak of sudden deaths in pigs. The outbreak is in a village in an area of the country that has not reported cases of African swine fever in the last 12 months. Others in the team will be undertaking other parts of the outbreak investigation. Your job is to identify the patterns of disease occurring in time and in space for this village. This information will be used to make recommendations for disease control. Since this outbreak began three weeks ago, there have been twenty sudden deaths in pigs recorded. What word best describes that pattern of disease in time?
a.Sporadic
b.Endemic
c.Epidemic
d.Pandemic

A

Sporadic

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18
Q

You test 300 cattle using a new antigen detection kit for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), and 50 cattle test positive. Virus isolation is considered a suitable reference to declare an animal as ‘diseased’, and subsequently showed that 26 of the 38 animals that were ‘truly diseased’, also tested positive on the antigen detection kit. Of the
262 cattle that were non-diseased, there were 24 false positives with the new antigen detection kit. What is the positive predictive value of the antigen detection kit
based on these data?
a.52%
b.68%
c.38%
d.71%

A

52%

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19
Q

You test 300 cattle using a new antigen detection kit for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), and 50 cattle test positive. Virus isolation is considered a suitable reference to declare an animal as ‘diseased’, and subsequently showed that 26 of the 38 animals that were ‘truly diseased’, also tested positive on the antigen detection kit. Of the
262 cattle that were non-diseased, there were 24 false positives with the new antigen detection kit. As prevalence increases, the negative predictive value of a test:
a. Increases
b.Decreases
c. Does not increase
d.Not related

A

Decreases

20
Q

You test 300 cattle using a new antigen detection kit for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), and 50 cattle test positive. Virus isolation is considered a suitable reference to declare an animal as ‘diseased’, and subsequently showed that 26 of the 38 animals that were ‘truly diseased’, also tested positive on the antigen detection kit. Of the
262 cattle that were non-diseased, there were 24 false positives with the new antigen detection kit. As prevalence decreases, the positive predictive value of a test:
a. Increases
b.Decreases
c. Does not increase
d.Not related

A

Decreases

21
Q

Which of the following is a primary goal for undertaking disease outbreak investigations?
a.To train staff and familiarise them with the structured approach
b.To study the natural history of a disease
c.To treat existing cases and prevent deaths
d.To stop the outbreak and prevent further cases by implementing effective control measures

A

To stop the outbreak and prevent further cases by implementing effective control measures

22
Q

Which of the following best describes the purpose of standard operating procedures (SOPs) for outbreak investigations?
a.SOPs are a list of applicable laws and regulations in outbreak
investigations.
b.SOPs are one-page overviews in pictures for every outbreak investigation procedure.
c.SOPs detail all veterinary services policies.
d.SOPs are written descriptions of important processes to ensure the quality and consistency of investigations.

A

SOPs are written descriptions of important processes to ensure the quality and consistency of investigations.

23
Q

You get called upon to assist in an outbreak investigation in a neighboring district. Several duck farmers in the district have reported significant mortalities of ducks in their flocks. All ducks are unvaccinated and affected ducks do not show any clear clinical signs. You are tasked to visit one affected farm later today, interview the farmer and take samples of the flock. What would be the appropriate level of PPE while handling affected ducks during this farm visit?
a. Nothing, this investigation has just started, and no disease has been confirmed
yet.
b.Cleaned gumboots to avoid spreading disease to this flock.
c. Overalls, gumboots, gloves, goggles, disposable N95 mask as there is a potential zoonotic infection risk.
d.Totally encapsulated suit with self-contained breathing apparatus to eliminate any risk.

A

Overalls, gumboots, gloves, goggles, disposable N95 mask as there is a potential zoonotic infection risk.

24
Q

Which of the following statements is correct?
a.The case-control design is efficient for investigation of risk factors for rare diseases.
b.The case-control design is efficient for investigation of rare exposures.
c.The case-control design provides a means for reliably estimating the prevalence of disease in the study population.
d.The case-control design provides a means for reliably estimating the incidence of disease in the study population.

A

The case-control design is efficient for investigation of risk factors for rare diseases

25
Q

After many years of surveillance and eradication efforts between 1996 and 2009, the Philippines received the official status of “Foot-and-Mouth Disease (FMD) free country without vaccination” by the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) in June 2011. Nowadays the Philippines can freely export their animal products, pork in particular, to any country. Your friend Jackie works for the Philippines’ Bureau of Animal Industry, and she is in charge of collecting enough evidence to report to OIE every year that the Philippines remains free from FMD. Which one of the following surveillance purposes will you recommend to Jackie as a priority?
a. Demonstration of freedom from disease
b.Early detection of disease
c. Measuring level and changes in disease
d.Finding cases

A

Demonstration of freedom from disease

26
Q

Which one of the following activities does NOT fit the definition of animal disease surveillance?
a. Evaluation of the efficacy of animal health control plan
b.Ongoing collection of animal health data
c. Treatment of diseased animals in an infected zone
d.Interpretation of animal health data

A

Treatment of diseased animals in an infected zone

27
Q

Which one of the following animal disease surveillance activities is exclusively ‘passive’?
a. Farmer reporting system
b.Representative surveys
c. Aggregation points surveillance
d.Sentinel surveillance

A

Farmer reporting system

28
Q

Population of the city of Atlantis on March 30, 2012 = 183,000. No. of new active cases of TB occurring between January 1 and June 30, 2012 = 26. No. of active TB cases according to the city register on June 30, 2012 = 264. The incidence rate of active cases of TB for the 6-month period was __ per 100,000 population.
a. 7
b. 14
c. 26
d.28

A

14

264 / 183, 000

29
Q

Following the introduction of a new immunosuppressant medication for lung transplantation, a study describes the occurrence of unusual opportunistic infections among eight recent users of the medication. Which of the following would be the most appropriate next step for investigating this problem?
a. Randomized trial of the new immunosuppressant medication with opportunistic infections as the primary outcome
b.Removal of the new immunosuppressant medication from the market
c. Prospective cohort study to evaluate long-term rates of mortality among users and nonusers of the immunosuppressant medication
d.Determining incidence rates of opportunistic infections among users and nonusers of the new immunosuppressant medication

A

Determining incidence rates of opportunistic infections among users and nonusers of the new immunosuppressant medication

30
Q

Researchers conduct a study to compare the risk of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) among patients with diabetes who initiate long-
acting versus short-acting insulin therapy. They recruit 15 patients who recently initiated insulin treatment and have no previous history of hypoglycemic episodes. Participants are followed for up to 2 years to assess occurrences of hypoglycemia.
a. Cohort study
b.Cross-sectional study
c. Case report
d.Case series

A

Cohort study

31
Q

In the definition of epidemiology, “determinants” generally includes the following EXCEPT:
a. Agents
b.Causes
c. Control measures
d.Risk factors

A

Control measures

32
Q

John Snow’s investigation of cholera is considered a model for epidemiologic field investigations because it included all of the following EXCEPT:
a. Biologically plausible hypothesis
b.Comparison of a health outcome among exposed and unexposed groups
c. Multivariate statistical model
d.Recommendation for public health action

A

Multivariate statistical model

33
Q

The hallmark feature of an analytic epidemiologic study is:
a. Use of an appropriate comparison group
b.Laboratory confirmation of the diagnosis
c. Publication in a peer-reviewed journal
d.Statistical analysis using logistic regression

A

Use of an appropriate comparison group

34
Q

The epidemiologic triad of disease causation refers to:
a. Agent, host, environment
b.Time, place, person
c. Source, mode of transmission, susceptible host
d.John Snow, Robert Koch, Kenneth Rothman

A

Agent, host, environment

35
Q

A reservoir of an infectious agent can be:
a. A symptomatic human
b.An animal
c. The environment
d.All of the above

A

All of the above

36
Q

A propagated epidemic is usually the result of what type of exposure?
a. Point source
b.Continuous common source
c. Intermittent common source
d.Animal-to-animal

A

Animal-to-animal

37
Q

A cohort study differs from a case-control study in that:
a. Subjects are enrolled or categorized on the basis of their exposure status in a cohort study but not in a case-control study
b.Subjects are asked about their exposure status in a cohort study but not in a case-control study
c. Cohort studies require many years to conduct, but case-control studies do not
d.Cohort studies are conducted to investigate chronic diseases, case-control studies are used for infectious diseases

A

Subjects are enrolled or categorized on the basis of their exposure status in a cohort study but not in a case-control study

38
Q

Diseases that are always present in a community, usually at a low, more or less constant, frequency are classified as having an __ pattern.
a. Endemic
b.Sporadic
c. Pandemic
d.Epidemic

A

Endemic

39
Q

Which of the following statements is true concerning epidemic diseases?
a. They are usually not very contagious.
b.At the end of an epidemic, a disease spreads at an increasing rate and then abruptly disappears.
c. They usually appear and disappear seasonally.
d.They continue and become sporadic over time.

A

They usually appear and disappear seasonally

40
Q

In which one of the following circumstances will the prevalence of a disease in the population increase, all else being constant?
a. If the incidence rate of the disease falls.
b.If survival time with the disease increases.
c. If recovery of the disease is faster.
d.If the population in which the disease is measured increases.

A

If survival time with the disease increases.

41
Q

Which of the following statements about exposures is true?
a. ‘Exposure’ refers to contact with some factor that may be harmful or beneficial to health.
b.An exposed individual has a greater risk of disease.
c. Dietary intake is not an ‘exposure’ because individuals make a choice about what they eat.
d.High body mass index is a risk factor for a range of health conditions, therefore, it cannot be treated as a single exposure.

A

‘Exposure’ refers to contact with some factor that may be harmful or beneficial to health.

42
Q

Epidemiological measures of effect assess the __ between an exposure and an outcome.
a. strength of the causal mechanisms
b.strength of the reversibility
c. strength of the association
d.strength of a confounding factor

A

Strength of the association

43
Q

Randomised, controlled trials provide strong evidence that an observed effect is due to the intervention (the assigned exposure). One reason is because:
a. when the participants are randomised, many characteristics and possible confounding factors are likely to be evenly distributed in the groups.
b.it is easier to measure the outcome variable with great precision in randomised, controlled trials compared to in other study designs.
c. the exposure level and the outcome are measured at the same time.
d.the study participants are volunteers and therefore motivated to take part in the study.

A

When the participants are randomised, many characteristics and possible confounding factors are likely to be evenly distributed in the groups.

44
Q

Which of the following is not an analytical study?
a. Cross sectional comparative study
b.Case control study
c. Cohort study
d.Prevalence study

A

Prevalence study

45
Q

The numerator is not a component of denominator in:
a. Rate
b. Ratio
c. Proportion
d. None of the above

A

Ratio

Veterinary Microbiology (18 decks)

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