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biology 153 > microbiology > Flashcards

microbiology Flashcards

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1
Q

what is microbiology?

A

study of microorganisms

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2
Q

what are microorganisms?

A

-bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses

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3
Q

what microorganisms are prokaryotic?

A

bacteria

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4
Q

what microorganisms are eukaryotic?

A

fungi and protozoa

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5
Q

what microorganisms are not cellular?

A

viruses

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6
Q

what are bacteria?

A

ancient, primitive, simple, small

  • lack membrane organelles
  • up to 1 billion species!
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7
Q

nomenclature for bacteria?

A

binomial system of naming

genus, species, serotype

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8
Q

classification basis for bacteria?

A
  • oxygen requirements (aneorobes vs. aerobes)
  • metabolism (light energy, chemical energy)
  • differential staining (gram + vs gram -)
  • motility (flagella)
  • pathogenicity (enterohemorrhagic, release toxins)
  • morphology (cell structure and colony shape)
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9
Q

cell morphology for bacteria? (size, shape, groupings)

A
  • size (2-10 um)
  • shape: spheres, rods, spirals
  • groupings: individual, pairs, tetrads, chains, clusters, stacks
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10
Q

bacterial cell structure?

A

PROKARYOTIC

  • circular DNA (not enclosed in nucleus)
  • cell envelope= cell membrane and cell wall (phospholipid bilayer made of peptidoglycan)
  • gelatinous capsule (protection/attachment)
  • may have flagella (for locomotion) or pili (for attachment/transfer of genetic material to other bacteria)
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11
Q

bacteria growth? (how does it grow)

A

divide by binary fission (mitosis)
-may form highly resistant dormant cells called endospores (can withstand extreme hot/cold, poisons, lack of nutrients for long time!)

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12
Q

ecology of bacteria?

A

most numerous and pervasive organism on earth.. ubiquitous!

-many are symbiotic (live in or on other organisms)

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13
Q

normal flora are?

A

live in/on GI tract, resp tract, mucous membrane, skin, ears,

  • not normally in blood, urine, lymph, CSF
  • usually beneficial, inhibit the growth of pathogens
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14
Q

how does normal flora inhibit the growth of pathogens?

A
  • secrete antimicrobial toxins that alter pH
  • compete for nutrients and space
  • stimulate immune defense
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15
Q

pathogenic bacteria?

A

<3% of species, must invade tissue and establish

-host must be susceptible

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16
Q

pathogenicity?

A

ability to enter host and cause disease (involves complex interactions between pathogen and host)

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17
Q

opportunistic pathogens?

A

non-pathogen becomes pathogen
-normal micro become harmful if opportunity arises like immunosuppression, disturbances in normal flora, barrier damage, organism in unusual location)

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18
Q

pathogen factors? (of bacteria)

A
  • virulence (how likely to cause disease)
  • invasiveness (secretes chemicals that allow invasion/ adhesion)
  • toxins (endotoxins and exotoxins)
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19
Q

host factors? (of bacteria)

A
  • compromised immune system
  • malnutrition
  • invasive procedure/injury/stress
  • other infections
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20
Q

reservoirs of infection (where pathogens hide and live)?

A

-humans, animals, plants, soil, food, water, fomites (inanimate surfaces)

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21
Q

modes of transmission (for bacteria)?

A
  • direct contact (skin, body fluids, transfusion)
  • airborne (resp. droplets)
  • contamination (water, food, fomites)
  • animal contact (bites, feces)
22
Q

different kinds of toxins? (endo, exo)

A
  • endotoxins: released when cell lyses or dies

- exotoxins: secreted by cell

23
Q

antibiotics are?

A

antimicrobiolagents used in treatment and prevention of bacterial infections

24
Q

what is an ideal antibiotic?

A

highly toxic to pathogen

25
Q

broad vs. narrow spectrum antibiotic?

A

broad spectrum= wide range of bacteria

narrow spectrum= specific families of bacteria

26
Q

favourable pharmacodynamics and antibiotics?

A

not toxic to host, does not interfere, no side effects

27
Q

favourable pharmacokinetics and antibiotics?

A

absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion

28
Q

modes of action for bacteria?

A
  • inhibit cell wall synthesis
  • inhibit protein synthesis
  • disrupt cell membrane
  • inhibit bacterial enzymes
  • inhibit DNA/RNA synthesis
29
Q

chemical control of bacteria?

A

antiseptics and disinfections= chemical agents that destroy bacteria or inhibit growth of bacteria when applied to surfaces

30
Q

antiseptic is applied to?

A

body surface

31
Q

disinfectant is applied to?

A

surface of objects

32
Q

viruses are?

A

extremely small, not cellular (protein capsule surrounded by genetic material)

33
Q

obligate intracellular parasite and viruses?

A

cannot reproduce without host cell (virus infects the host cell, host cell makes viral proteins)
-CANNOT produce energy (depends on host cell)

34
Q

structure of viruses?

A
  • genetic material (dna or rna)
  • protein coat= capsid that encloses genetic material
  • viral spikes on surface recognize and bind specific receptors on the host cell membrane
  • geometric/symmetrical shapes are common
35
Q

host specificity and viruses?

A

viruses are very host specific (viral spikes)

36
Q

hepatitis..

A

binds human hepatocytes—- HIV— human CD4 T cells

37
Q

norovirus…

A

binds epithelial cells lining intestine— rhinovirus—- lining upper resp

38
Q

lifecycles (of a eukaryotic virus)

A
  1. virus enters cells (viral spikes used to recognize host)
  2. host cell synthesizes viral DNA and makes viral RNA (transcription)
  3. host makes viral proteins (“translation”)
  4. host cell assembles viruses
  5. viruses acquire a glycoprotein envelope as they escape through the cell membrane
    - – new virus!
39
Q

what are the two types of viral life cycles?

A
  1. lytic lifecycle

2. lysogenic lifecycle

40
Q

lytic cycle “virulent”?

A
  • viruses are assembled by host cell

- viruses cause host cell lysis when they escape

41
Q

lysogenic cycle “temperate”?

A
  • viral DNA incorporated into host genome
  • host replicates DNA as it divides
  • virus may remain latent (dominant) for years but can potentially enter lytic life cycle
42
Q

oncogenic viruses?

A

cancer causing; insertion of viral DNA into host

  • genome may trigger transformation if genes that regulate cell division or growth (proto-oncogenes) are affected
  • normal cell— transformed—> cancerous cell
43
Q

are antibiotics effective for viruses?

A

no, challenging to control, viruses hide in host cell

44
Q

most effective control for viruses?

A

vaccination (mobilizes immune defence mechanisms to prevent illness!)

45
Q

fungi diseases are called?

A

mycoses

46
Q

fungi infections are often?

A

opportunistic (normal flora disturbed and fungi proliferate)
normal flora —- imbalance—-opportunistic species have been isolated by fungi

47
Q

examples of fungi?

A

athletes foot, ringworm, candida, lung infections

48
Q

protozoas are?

A

most are non-pathogenic, some single celled eukaryotes are parasites that cause disease

49
Q

route of infection for protozoas?

A

oral ingestion or transmission by animals

-malaria, toxoplasmosis, schistosmosis, giardia

50
Q

metazoan is?

A

eukaryotic, some multicellular parasites cause disease

  • roundworms, tapeworms, flukes
  • internal parasites= endoparasites
  • oral route of infection

biology 153 (17 decks)

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