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biology 153 > blood pressure > Flashcards

blood pressure Flashcards

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1
Q

what is blood pressure?

A

force exerted against blood vessel walls by the blood in the vessels (maintains blood flow in tissues)

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2
Q

where is BP high and low

A

HIGH in arteries (blood leaving heart)

LOW in veins (blood returning to heart)

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3
Q

why is arterial blood pressure important?

A

it maintains blood flow to tissues

-arterial blood pressure fluctuates with cardiac cycle

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4
Q

what is systolic pressure?

A

measured during ventricular systole (peak pressure in arteries as blood is ejected from heart)

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5
Q

what is diastolic pressure?

A

measured during ventricular diastole (low pressure in arteries as heart fills)

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6
Q

what is pulse pressure?

A

difference between systolic and diastolic

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7
Q

what are the 3 factors affecting arterial pressure?

A
  1. peripheral resistance
  2. cardiac output
  3. blood volume
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8
Q

what is peripheral resistance?

A

the resistance to blood flow, if PR is high, the heart must work harder to circulate blood flow.

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9
Q

what are the four sources of peripheral resistance?

A

blood vessel diameter- decrease diameter, increases BP
blood vessel length- increase length, increase BP
blood viscosity- thicker blood, higher BP
turbulence- more turbulence, higher BP

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10
Q

what are the “resistance vessels”?

A

arterioles

-peripheral resistance is greatest in these blood vessels

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11
Q

what are called the blood reservoirs?

A

veins

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12
Q

if you have more venous return..?

A

increased cardiac output, increased volume of blood in arteries, increased BP

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13
Q

blood volume and BP?

A

if you increase blood volume, increase blood pressure

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14
Q

what is vasomotor control?

A 
ALL sympathetic regulation of BP. 
medulla oblongata-
-vasomotor center
-sympathetic division (NE)
-contraction of smooth muscle in blood vessels
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15
Q

vasoconstriction?

A

decreases diameter, increases BP

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16
Q

vasodilation?

A

increases diameter, decreases BP

17
Q

is there parasympathetic control of blood vessel diameter?

A

NO, sympathetic tone maintains BP in arteries and arterioles, facilitates venous return

18
Q

what type of receptor would detect changes in BP?

A

baroreceptor.. detects stretch and pressure

19
Q

what is the baroreceptor initiated reflexes?

A

reflexive vasoconstriction to maintain blood pressure and ensure blood delivery

20
Q

what is the carotid sinus reflex?

A

baroreceptors in internal carotid arteries to protect blood supply to the brain

21
Q

what is the aortic reflex?

A

baroreceptors in aortic arch to protect blood supply to heart and body

22
Q

what is the local intrinsic control of BP?

A

vasodilation triggered by changes in the tissue environment..
localized, nervous system is not involved

23
Q

local vasodilators include?

A 
decreased O2, increased CO2
decreased pH
increased temp
histamine released
NO released by endothelial cells, triggers CA2+ uptake and relaxes smooth muscle
24
Q

ADH and hormonal control of BP

A
  • released from posterior pituitary in response to dehydration
  • baroreceptors detect decreased blood volume, osmoreceptors detect increased solute conc.
  • triggers vasoconstriction in addition to increased water reabsorption by the kidneys (increased BP)
25
Q

ANP and hormonal control of BP

A

-released by cells in right atrium
-lowers blood volume and blood pressures
-causes kidneys to increase Na+ excretion and H20 excretion to decrease blood volume
decreases sympathetic release of NE
-decreases release of ADH and aldosterone

26
Q

RAAS and hormonal control

A

activated in response to decreased BP in kidneys

-triggers vasoconstriction and Na+ and H20 reabsorption to increase blood pressure

27
Q

explain the renin angiotension aldosterone system

A

juxtaglomerular apparatus detects low BP

  • JG cells release renin
  • renin triggers angiotensinogen which activates angiotensin I (ACE) secreted by lung capillaries
  • results in vasoconstriction
  • aldosterone released from adrenal cortex
  • more reabsorption of Na+ and H20 in blood
  • blood pressure increases
28
Q

what is tissue perfusion?

A

tissue perfusion is the delivery of atrial blood to capillary beds in tissues

  • ensures delivery of nutrients and oxygen to all tissues
  • it is affected by cardiac output and blood pressure
29
Q

where is velocity lowest?

A

the capillaries, the velocity varies due to huge S.A and high peripheral resistance

30
Q

blood distribution to various organs can be altered by? (pre…)

A

dilating or constricting smooth muscle in precapillary sphincters

31
Q

what is capillary exchange?

A

materials exchanged between interstitial fluid of tissues and capillaries
decreased blood velocity and increased surface area in capillary beds facilitates exchange

32
Q

what are capillaries?

A

thin walls with endothelium only, site of capillary exchange
INCREASED surface area
INCREASED permeability (simple squamous)
DECREASED velocity

33
Q

what does capillary exchange?

A

nutrients, electrolytes, waste-products, gases, hormones, water, heat
DRIVEN by concentration gradients (diffusion) and pressure gradients (bulk flow)

34
Q

what is edema?

A

extra fluid causing swelling in interstitial fluis

35
Q

how does fluid get returned from interstitial tissues of the body to the blood?

A

lymphatic system returns to the blood

36
Q

fluid exchange (between plasma and ECF)..

A

CHP and BCOP

37
Q

what is CHP

A

capillary hydrostatic pressure. blood pressure pushes fluid and solutes out of capillaries

38
Q

what is BCOP

A

blood colloid osmotic pressure. proteins in plasma pull fluid into capillaries by osmosis (albumin, transport proteins)

39
Q

what is NFP

A

net flirtration pressure
=CHP- BCOP
(difference between push out and pull in)
there is a NET LOSS of fluid from capillaries into interstitial fluid

biology 153 (17 decks)

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