Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

biology 153 > immune system (specific) > Flashcards

immune system (specific) Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is adaptive defence?

A

has specificity- recognizes and destroys foreign substances

-has memory (initial response to pathogen is slow, subsequent is rapid)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is an antigen?

what do they trigger?

A

a substance that can be triggered by immune system as foreign
-triggers antibody production (ex. proteins, lipids, polysaccharides on surface of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and other “non-self” things that induce specific response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

antigens have (2) traits?

A
  1. reactivity- react with specific lymphocytes and antibodies
  2. immunogenicity- stimulate lymphocyte proliferation and antibody production
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

part of antigen that is specifically recognized and reacts with the antibody?

A

epitope, otherwise known as antibody determinant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how does the immune system distinguish SELF from NON-SELF?

A

MHC proteins!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does MHC stand for

A

major histocompatibility complex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are MHC proteins?

A

special proteins on the surface of all body cells (also known as HLAs on blood cells)

  • genetically unique to each person
  • coded for by genes in the major histocompatibility complex of your genome
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what chromosome are MHC genes on?

A

chromosome 6, inherited as a haplotype (unique combo from mom and dads genes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q 
there are 2 classes of MHC proteins- class 1 and class 2. 
which class do ALL cells express?
A

class one

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

which cells express class 2 MHC proteins?

A

only special immune cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

MHC proteins are continually synthesized and exported to where?

A

the cell surface, and as they form they pick up small peptides from inside the cell and display them

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

the peptide fragments in MHC allow the immune system to?

A

differentiate healthy (normal) cells from abnormal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

another term for antibodies?

A

immunoglobulins (Igs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are antibodies?

A

a gamma globulin protein in blood and some other bodily fluids
-antibodies recognize and bind to specific antigens to form antigen-antibody complexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

structure of the antibody?

A

4 peptide chains:

  • 2 light chains (each chain has a constant (C))
  • 2 heavy chains (region and variable (V) region)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

which region of the antibody differs?

A

the variable region- it is the region that recognizes and binds to specific antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

there are 5 functions of antibodies- what are they?

A
  1. neutralization
  2. opsonization
  3. precipitation
  4. agglutination
  5. complement-activation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

neutralization and antibody function?

A

the antibody binds to the antigen and blocks activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

opsonization and antibody function?

A

the antibody coats foreign cells, allows macrophage to attach= phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

precipitation and antibody function?

A

soluble antigens- rended insoluble when antibodies bind, can’t be widely administered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

agglutination and antibody function?

A

clumping of cells (due to antigen-antibody cross-linking)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

complement activation and antibody function?

A

antigen-antibody complex activates complement which enhances the production of inflammatory mediators and cell lysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

5 types of antibodies

A 
igG
igM
igA
igD
igE
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

igG antibody?

A
  • most abundant antibody in blood, protects against virus
  • activates complement
  • “monomer”, small, can cross over placenta
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

igM antibody?

A
  • first antibodies to appear following antigen exposure
  • activates complement
  • “pentamer”, large
26
Q

igA antibody?

A

found in saliva, tears, semen, sweat, mucus, breast milk

  • prevent attachment of viruses. bacteria on epithelial surface
  • “dimer”, two Y shapes
27
Q

igD antibody?

A

found on surface of B cells

  • binding to antigen can activate B cell
  • monomer
28
Q

igE antibody?

A

attaches to receptors on most cells/basophils

  • interaction with antigen triggers histamine release— inflammation
  • monomer
29
Q

what are the main cells of adaptive immune defense?

A

lymphocytes! (Specific defense cells!) B cells and T cells

30
Q

B cells.. where do they mature? role?

A

mature in Bone marrow

-involved in antibody production, “humoral immunity”

31
Q

T cells.. where do they mature? differentiate into?

A

mature in Thymus gland
-differentiate into several subtypes
(helper T, regulatory T, cytotoxic T), “cell mediated immunity”

32
Q

what does humoral immunity involve?

proliferation by..?

A

involves B cells & production of antibodies

  • also involves clonal selection
  • proliferation by mitosis of those cells that recognize and bind to specific antigen
33
Q

what does it mean by clonal selection & humoral immunity?

A

the proliferation by mitosis produces an army of clones (genetically identical cells) that can target a specific antigen

34
Q

location of B cells?

A

develop in bone marrow naive/immature B cells, then they migrate to secondary lymphoid tissue which is where they encounter the antigen

35
Q

what is a b cell receptor (BCR)?

A

each cell has a b cell receptor- an igD antibody that is expressed on the cell surface an can interact with a specific antigen

36
Q

what can B cells differentiate into (2 things)?

A
  • plasma cells that secrete antibodies

- memory B cells (long lived cells that provide specific immunity to a particular antigen)

37
Q

the differentiate of naive B cells into the mature antibody secreting plasma cells and memory cells usually requires what?

A

activation by a helper T ce;;

38
Q

what is the primary response (encounter, where?)

A
  • 1st encounter with pathogen! in lymphoid tissue

- antigen recognition synthesizes B cell (by B cells with a complementary receptor)

39
Q

after the antigen is recognized in primary response, what happens?

A

clonal selection! activation population of B cells divide, produce genetically identical clones. somatic hypermutation creates SUPER B cells with high antigen affinity!

40
Q

during clonal selection- what is costimulation?

A

a helper T cell activates the B cell!

41
Q

after clonal selection what happens? (2 options)

A

either differentiate into B cells that become plasma cells OR
-long lived memory B cells

42
Q

the B plasma cells then..?

A

secrete lots of low affinity igM antibody specific to antigen

43
Q

the long lived memory B cells then initiate what response?

A

SECONDARY response! 2nd encounter, rapid production of high affinity igG antibody by memory B cells

44
Q

what does cell mediated immunity involve?

A

T cells and antigen presenting cells

45
Q

T cells maturing in the thymus gland is also known as?

A

T cell boot camp, the cells become immunocompetent there!

46
Q

what happens during T cell bootcamp?

positive vs. negative selection

A

T cells develop self-tolerance so that they do not attack your cells.
only 2% graduate :’(
-positive selection= T cells must recognize your cells! (MHC proteins)
-negative selection= T cells must not react or attack your self-antigens

47
Q

what are the three main types of T cells

A
  • helper T cells
  • cytotoxic T cells
  • T regulatory cells
48
Q

function of helper T cell?

A

to secrete cytokines.. the cytokines then:

  • activate phagocytes
  • trigger inflammation
  • stimulate division and activate other T and B cells
49
Q

cytotoxic T cell function?

A

to secrete lymphotoxins:

lymphotoxins directly kill virus infected cells, cancer cells, disease

50
Q

inhibitory cytokines function?

A

suppress T and B cell activity (dampen immune response)

51
Q

what is the role of antigen presenting cells?

A

to phagocytize and ingest pathogens

-they process pathogens and present foreign antigens in MHC proteins to the T cells

52
Q

how do T cells see the pathogens?

A

the only way is by antigen presenting cells!

53
Q

antigen presenting cells include?

A

-phagocytes that phagocytize foreign cells
-virus infected cells
-sensitized B cells that endocytize antigen
ALL present the foreign antigen attached to a MHC protein on cell surface which ACTIVATES the T cell

54
Q

what are dendritic cells? (hint: professionals!)

where are they?

A

the professional APCs! they are phagocytes that specialize in antigen presentation
-they reside in tissues that are in contact with external environment

55
Q

what are dendritic cells constantly sampling?

A

constantly sampling the environment for viruses and bacteria
-often the first leukocyte to encounter a pathogen

56
Q

where do dendritic cells migrate to?

A

they migrate to lymph nodes, which is where they present the antigen which activates specific T and B cells

57
Q 
what is the message from class 1 MHC proteins?
what kind of T cells does it activate?
A

I am abnormal- destroy me!
all cells present normal self peptide fragments in MHC 1
activates CYTOTOXIC T cells to destroy the abnormal cells

58
Q 
who presents antigens in class 2 MHC proteins?
what does the message mean?
what does it activate?
A
  • only antigen presenting cells present in MHC 2
  • means “find this and destroy me!”
  • activates helper T cells (CD4+ cells)
59
Q

activation of specific immunity leads to?

A

acquired immunity

60
Q

acquired immunity can be one of two types?

A

naturally acquired or artificially acquired

61
Q

what is naturally acquired immunity?

A

active: infection by pathogen- memory T and B cells, antibodies
passive: antibodies from mother at birth

62
Q

what is artificially acquired immunity?

A

active: vaccine- memory T and B cells, antibodies
passive: gamma globulin injection of antibodies

biology 153 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions