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biology 153 > electrolyte/ pH balance > Flashcards

electrolyte/ pH balance Flashcards

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1
Q

how are fluid, electrolyte, and ph’s balanced?

A

mainly be adjusting urine concentration and volume!

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2
Q

2 fluid compartments?

A

ICF and ECF

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3
Q

what is ICF?

A

intracellular fluid

  • in the cytosol
  • lots of K+, protein, magnesium, HPO4
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4
Q

what is ECF?

A

extracellular fluid

  • interstitial fluid (sodium, chloride, HCO3)
  • plasma (sodium, chloride, HCO3, protein)
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5
Q

can water move between the compartments?

A

yes, osmolarity is similar in all compartments

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6
Q

what is osmolarity

A

moles of solute contributing to osmotic pressure

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7
Q

todal body fluid?

A

25 L of ICF
15 L of ECF
total 40L

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8
Q

fluid is inputed by?

A

drinks, food, metabolism

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9
Q

fluid output?

A

urine, exhalation, sweat, feces

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10
Q

dehydratione effect on plasma osmolarity and plasma volume?

A

plasma osmolarity increases, plasma volume decreases

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11
Q

effect of plasma osmolarity increasing from dehydration?

A

osmoreceptors in hypothalamus—> THIRST

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12
Q

effect of plasma volume decreasing from dehydration?

A

baroreceptors in arterioles —> THIRST

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13
Q

THIRST has 2 possible effects?

A

increased ADH release, or increased fluid intake (which results in rapid H20 reabsorption from small intestine)

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14
Q

increased ADH release and the baroreceptors in arterioles begins what system?

A

renin angiotension aldosterone system in the kidneys

  • aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption
  • water reabsorption increases
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15
Q

result of RAAS?

A

decreased urine volume (less water lost)

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16
Q

electrolyte balance is important in?

A
  • water balance (blood volume and pressure)
  • acid base balance (H+ concentration)
  • electrochemical gradients (neuromuscular function)
  • cellular metabolism
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17
Q

sodium affects?

A

blood volume and nerve/muscle function

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18
Q

natriuretic peptides causes on sodium

A

decreased Na+ reabsorption and decreased aldosterone secretion

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19
Q

aldosterone effect on sodium

A

increases Na+ reabsorption from DCT

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20
Q

cortisol and estrogen effects on sodium

A

alodsterone like effects on sodium levels

21
Q

hypernatremia?

A

high levels of sodium in the blood

22
Q

hyponatremia?

A

low levels of sodium in the blood

23
Q

what does potassium affect?

A

nerve and muscle function (electrochemical gradients)

24
Q

when is K+ secreted?

A

when Na+ is reabsorbed (na/k exchange pump) increases potassium lost in urine

25
Q

when filtrate is acidic, NaCl is exchanged for?

A

H+ instead, so Na/H exchange pump decreases the potassium lost in urine
must replenish with dietary sources

26
Q

hyperkalemia?

A

high potassium levels, medical emergency

27
Q

hypokalemia?

A

low potassium levels

28
Q

what is calcium important for?

A

neuromuscular function, coagulation, intracellular signalling, coenzyme

29
Q

hormonal regulation of calcium is by?

A

parathyroid hormone and calcitonin

-parathyroid hormone increases calcium reabsorption in DCT and absorption in intestine to increase calcium in blood

30
Q

hypercalcemia?

A

increased calcium levels

31
Q

hypocalcemia?

A

decreased calcium levels

32
Q

what is also regulated by PTH and affects calcium levels?

A

phosphate levels

-increased phosphate decreases PTH, more calcium excretion

33
Q

what is pH a measure of

A

concentration of hydrogen ion

34
Q

increased concentration of H+ effect on pH?

A

pH is less than 7, acidic

35
Q

decreased concentration of H+ effect on pH?

A

pH is more than 7, basic (alkaline)

36
Q

normal pH of plasma and ECF?

A

7.35-7.45, slightly basic

37
Q

what is acidosis

A

lower than normal pH, pH is less than 7.35

38
Q

what is alkalosis

A

abnormally high pH, pH is more than 7.45

39
Q

pH in the blood is tightly regulated so deviations?

A

are extremely dangerous!

40
Q

metabolic processes typical effect on blood pH?

A

lower blood pH, main problem is acidosis

41
Q

metabolic processes that lower blood pH?

A

respiration: increases CO2- carbonic acid
anaerobic metabolism: lactic acid
lipid metabolism: fatty acids
protein metabolism: amino acids/ keto acids

42
Q

what are the 3 main buffering systems to maintain pH?

A

buffers
respiratory system
urinary system

43
Q

buffers function?

A

to reduce changes in pH by binding or releasing hydrogen

44
Q

protein buffer system=

A

most common buffering mechanism in plasma and ICF

-amino acids in proteins can accept or release hydrogen

45
Q

phosphate buffer system=

A

monohydrogen phosphate buffers acid in ICF and urinary filtrate

46
Q

bicarbonate buffer system=

A

main buffering mechanism in ECF,

-HCO3- (bicarbonate ion) mops up H+

47
Q

respiratory system as a buffering system?

A

acidosis stimulates resp centers, increases resp rate and “blows off” CO2

48
Q

urinary system as a buffering system?

A

pH of urine varies (4.5-8)

  • renal correction of acidosis is an increase in secretion of H+ to excrete acidic urine and reabsorption bicarbonate iron
  • renal correction of alkalosis is an increase in reabsorption of H+ and secretion of bicarbonate iron to excrete alkaline urine

biology 153 (17 decks)

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