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biology 153 > digestive system (anatomy) > Flashcards

digestive system (anatomy) Flashcards

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1
Q

digestive system=

A

alimentary canal (GI tract) and accessory organs

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2
Q

general functions of the digestive system include

A

ingestion- eating
digestion- mechanical and chemical
absorption- nutrients absorbed by epithelial cells into blood and lymph
egestion- defecation (excretion of undigested foods)

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3
Q

in the alimentary canal there is the muscularis externa, what are the two layers

A

longitudinal layer

circular layer

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4
Q

which layer is outermost in canal of muscularis externa

A

longitudinal (O for outer)

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5
Q

which layer is innermost in canal of muscularis externa

A

circular layer (I for inner)

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6
Q

what is inner to the circular layer

A

submucosa (connective tissue)

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7
Q

the mucosa is made up of?

A 
muscularis mucosa (smooth muscle)
lamina propria (connective tissue)
epithelium
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8
Q

how is food propelled throughout the alimentary canal

A

contraction of smooth muscle fibers in muscularis externa

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9
Q

what happens when the longitudinal muscle contracts?

A

the canal shortens

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10
Q

what happens when the circular muscle contracts?

A

canal lengthens and narrows

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11
Q

what are the 2 movements produced by contraction of smooth muscle in muscularis externa?

A

peristalsis and segmentation

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12
Q

what is peristalsis?

A

food is propelled toward anus (unidirectional)

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13
Q

what is the peristaltic reflex?

A

stretching of smooth muscle by food triggers reflexive contraction proximal to bolus and relaxation distally

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14
Q

what is segmentation?

A

back and forth movement (mixing)

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15
Q

what are mesenteries?

A

double layer of visceral peritoneum extending from organ surface to body wall

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16
Q

what to mesenteries hold in place?

A

intraperitoneal organs

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17
Q

what do mesenteries provide a network for?

A

blood/lymph vessel/ nerve attachment

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18
Q

what organs are retroperitoneal (outside peritoneal cavities)

A

rectum, duodenum, pancreas, ascending/descending colon

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19
Q

which mesenteries are considered ventral mesenteries

A
  • falciform ligament

- lesser omentum

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20
Q

what is the falciform ligament

A

attaches liver to diaphragm and ventral wall

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21
Q

what is the lesser omentum

A

attaches lesser curvature of stomach to liver

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22
Q

what mesenteries are considered dorsal mesenteries

A
  • greater omentum
  • mesentery proper
  • mesocolon
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23
Q

what is the greater omentum

A

drapes over coils of small intestine; attaches greater curvature of stomach to the dorsal wall

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24
Q

what is the mesentery proper

A

links coils of jejunum and ileum and binds to dorsal wall

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25
Q

what is the mesocolon

A

large sheet of tissue attaches transverse and sigmoid colon to dorsal wall

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26
Q

mouth (oral/buccal cavity) hold:

A

tongue, teeth, salivary glands

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27
Q

what is the tongue

A

glossal muscles manipulate food to form a bolus

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28
Q

what is the tongue anchored to the floor of buccal cavity by

A

frenulum

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29
Q

what are papillae

A

bumps, grip food; associated with glands that secrete fat digesting enzyme linguinal lipase

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30
Q

what are taste buds

A

sensory chemoreceptors located in the pits between the papillae

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31
Q

how many adult teeth and of which kind

A

32 adult teeth

  • 8 incisors
  • 4 canines (cuspids)
  • 8 premolars
  • 12 molars
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32
Q

what are the incisors for

A

biting and griping

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33
Q

what are the canines for

A

tearing

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34
Q

what are the premolars and molars for

A

chewing and grinding

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35
Q

what are salivary glands

A

exocrine glands that secrete saliva (1-1.5L per day)

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36
Q

what are the functions of saliva

A 
moistens, dissolves food
antimicrobial (lysozyme and IgA antibodies)
digests starch (salivary amylase)
buffers acid (alkaline)
lubricates bolus (mucins)
37
Q

three pairs of salivary glands

A

parotid (in cheeks)
sublingual (under tongue)
submandibular (floor of mouth, secrete 70% of saliva)

38
Q

what is the esophagus

A

a muscular tube that conveys food to stomach (approx 25 cm long)

39
Q

what tissue is the esophagus

A

epithelium, non-keratinized stratified squamous

40
Q

what glands are in the esophagus that lubricate the bolus

A

submucosal mucus glands

41
Q

what regulates the passage of food into the stomach

A

the cardiac/esophageal sphincter

42
Q

what is swallowing initiated by

A

voluntarily initiated, but proceeds automatically

43
Q

what is the swallowing reflex

A

triggered when bolus of food contacts the uvula (pharyngeal muscles contract to push food into esophagus, peristalsis moves food toward stomach)

44
Q

what is the stomach

A

a storage organ, rugae (folds) expand so that there is a 4L capacity

45
Q

gastric pits in the stomach house?

A

gastric glands, gastric gland cells

46
Q

what kind of epithelial cells are in the gastric pit

A

simple columnar

47
Q

in the gastric gland there are 4 cells..?

A

mucous neck cells
parietal cells
chief cells
G cells

48
Q

mucous neck cells

A

secrete mucus

49
Q

parietal cells

A

secrete HCl and intrinsic factor (required for absorption of B12)

50
Q

chief cells

A

secrete pepsinogen, activated by HCl- become pepsin (protein digesting enzyme)

51
Q

G cells

A

secrete hormone gastrin

52
Q

gastric juice?

A

very acidic, pH is about 2, kills bacteria

53
Q

stomach peristalsis “churning” to form..

A

acid chyme (acidic food paste) moves through pyloric sphincter

54
Q

what additional layer in the muscularis externa facilitates churning

A

oblique muscle

55
Q

what is the small intestine

A

19 feet of convoluted tube, small diameter

56
Q

what are the 3 subdivisions of the small intestine

A
  • duodenum
  • jejunum
  • ileum
57
Q

what is the duodenum

A

proximal 5%
-main site of chemical digestion
-receives pancreatic juice (from pancreas)
and bile (from gallbladder)

58
Q

what is the jejunum

A

middle 40%

59
Q

what is the ileum

A

distal 55%

60
Q

what are the jejunum and ileum good for

A

huge surface area specialized for absorption of water and nutrients; cells here secrete digestive enzymes

61
Q

microanatomy of the small intestine- there are 3 main structures?

A
  • pilcae circularis
  • villi
  • microvilli
62
Q

what are the pilcae circularis

A

large folds of mucosal membrane

63
Q

what are the villi

A

finger like projections of mucosal surface

64
Q

what are the microvilli

A

folds in apical surface of epithelial surface- form “brush border” membrane

65
Q

all 3 micro structures of small intestine..

A

increase surface area

66
Q

what are the 3 specialized cells in the small intestine and there function

A

goblet cells- secrete mucus
crypt cells- secrete digestive enzymes
Brunner’s glands- produce alkaline secretion

67
Q

what is the large intestine (structurally)

A

large diameter, but short in length (1.5 m)

68
Q

functions of the large intestine

A
  • water reabsorption
  • compaction/ storage of feces
  • absorption of some vitamins
  • many bacteria (non-pathogenic- coliforms)
69
Q

what are coliforms

A

non-pathogenic bacteria in large intestine, protect, digest, stimulate immune system, produce vit K and some B vitamins

70
Q

what is the histology of the l.i

A

simple columnar, no villi, lots of goblet cells

71
Q

structures of the large intestine

A

ileocecal valve, cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon

72
Q

what are taenia coli

A

3 longitudinal bands of smooth muscle; strong, slow contractions

73
Q

what is the anus

A

large intestine terminates in rectum, 6 inches long and expandable.. it stores feces which goes to the anus

74
Q

what are the two anal sphincters and their tissue

A

internal anal sphincter (smooth muscle)

external anal sphincter (skeletal muscle)

75
Q

what is the liver

A

largest visceral organ in the body, has some ability to regenerate

76
Q

functions of the liver (6)

A
  1. metabolic factory (receives nutrients and metabolizes)
  2. produces bile from cholesterol (bile acids which emulsify fats)
  3. inactivation of drugs, toxins, hormones
  4. storage of iron & fat soluble vitamins
  5. breaks down RBC’s/hemoglobin/antibodies
  6. synthesis of plasma proteins (ex. clotting factors, albumin, complement)
77
Q

blood supply to the liver?

A

receives 25% of cardiac output
blood arrives by 2 routes
-hepatic artery
-hepatic portal vein

78
Q

where is blood from hepatic artery from

A

oxygen rich blood from heart

79
Q

where is blood from hepatic portal vein from

A

nutrient rich blood from digestive system

80
Q

what are liver cells called

A

hepatocytes

functional unit= lobules, approx 100000

81
Q

what is each lobule of the liver structurally like?

A

hexagonal- 6 portal triads connected by sinusoidal capillaries to a central vein

82
Q

what is a portal triad

A

bile ductule + portal venule + hepatic arteriole

83
Q

as blood passes through the sinusoids, what do the hepatocytes do?

A

absorb and secrete materials into bloodstream

84
Q

what is the gallbladder function

A

store and concentrate bile (up to 70ml)

85
Q

the liver continously synthesizes bile and the gallbladder fills when the sphincter is?

A

closed

86
Q

what is the pancreas

A

both and exocrine and endocrine gand

87
Q

what are pancreatic acini

A

they house exocrine cells, secrete pancreatic juice

88
Q

what are the characteristics of pancreatic juice

A
  • alkaline solution
  • lipase digests lipids
  • nucleases digest RNA/DNA
  • amylase digests starch
  • proteases digest proteins
89
Q

pancreatic duct delivers pancreatic juice to?

A

hepatopancreatic sphincter- duodenum

biology 153 (17 decks)

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