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metabolism) Flashcards

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1
Q

what is metabolism?

A

sum of all biochemical reactions in the body

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2
Q

all metabolic reactions occur where and are catalyzed by what?

A

occur in cells and are catalyzed by enzymes!

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3
Q

metabolism has two kind of reactions?

A

anabolic and catabolic

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4
Q

Macromolecules (polymers) include?

A

proteins, complex carbs, triglycerides

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5
Q

macromolecules undergo ______ reactions?

A

catabolic reactions! energy is released from catabolism which can be used to make ATP

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6
Q

what are catabolic reactions?

A

the break down (hydrolysis) of large molecules

-releases energy

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7
Q

catabolic reactions results in..

A

small monomers (amino acids, monosaccharides, fatty acids)

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8
Q

small monomers undergo which reactions?

A

anabolic (the building of LARGE molecules)

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9
Q

what are anabolic reactions?

A

building large molecules (store energy in new chemical bonds)

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10
Q

what is ATP ($)!

A

adenosine triphosphate

  • energy currency of cells
  • energy in the phosphate bonds of ATP can be used directly to fuel metabolic reactions
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11
Q

ATP equation?

A

ATP—– ADP + 34 kJ

  • completely reversible
  • a lot of energy is heat, released when phosphate bond is broken
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12
Q

what is BMR

A

basal metabolic rate

  • the energy required for the body to perform all essential processes
  • does NOT include energy expended on activity (which can be a lot!!!)
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13
Q

what is BMR affected by?

A

age, sex, body comp (muscle vs. fat), body shape, hormones (esp. thyroid hormone), stress, environmental temperature

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14
Q

what are metabolic reserves?

A

where energy is stored in the human body

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15
Q

percentages of the metabolic reserves..

A
  • 85% lipids (triglycerides)
  • 14.5% protein
  • 0.5% carbohydrates
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16
Q

most cells generate ATP by?

A

metabolizing carbohydrates

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17
Q

what is glycogen

A

a polymer of glucose, storage form of carb

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18
Q

where is glycogen stored

A

skeletal muscle and liver (enough fuel for about 90 minutes of intense activity)

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19
Q

what is glycogensis

A

anabolic reaction of making glycogen from glucose

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20
Q

what is glycogeneolysis

A

catabolic reaction of breaking glycogen down into glucose

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21
Q

glucose (C6H12O6) is involved in cellular respiration.. what is that?
what are the two forms?

A

cellular respiration= catabolism of glucose, energy used to make ATP (glucose is burned!)
-may be AEROBIC (needs oxygen) or ANAEROBIC (no oxygen)

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22
Q

explain aerobic cellular respiration (the main points!)

A
  • most steps occur in mitochondira
  • catabolism of 1 molecule of glucose yields 36-38 ATP
  • products of aerobic metabolism of glucose catabolism= CO2 and H20
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23
Q

aerobic cellular resp equation?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —-> 6CO2 + 6H20

24
Q

what are the 3 steps of aerobic cellular respiration?

A
  1. glycolysis (sugar splitting)
  2. citric acid cycle (krebs cycle)
  3. electron transport and chemioosmosis
25
Q

what happens during glycolysis?
where does it occur?
how many ATP are produced?

A
  • it is anaerobic (no oxygen)
  • takes place in cytoplasm
  • glucose is split into 2 pyruvate, energy released to make 2 ATP
  • 2 pyruvate are transported in the mitochondria
  • 4 ATP are actually made, but 2 are stored in molecules called NADH
26
Q

what is krebs cycle?
acceptors?
how many times does it occur?
how many ATP?

A
  • series of reactions
  • pyruvate is broken down and carbon is released as CO2
  • hydrogens/electrons are picked up my acceptors
  • must go through cycle 2x per glucose
  • NETS 2 ATP
27
Q

acceptors involved in krebs cycle?

A

NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)
-NAD + H —-> NADH
FAD (flavin adenine dinucleutide)
- FAD + 2H —–> FADH2

28
Q

purpose of electron transport and chemiosmosis?

also known as?

A

to get energy out of bonds in NADH and FADH2

  • also known as cytochrome oxidase system
  • hydrogens (protons and electrons) transferred from NADH and FADH2 to a series of acceptors located in inner membrane (cristae) of mitochondria
29
Q

inner membrane of mitochondira=

A

cristae

30
Q

the terminal acceptor in the electron transport chain is?

A

oxygen (hence aerobic respiration)

-oxygen picks up electrons and protons and forms water

31
Q

how many ATP does electron transport and chemiosmosis produce?

A

34 ATP by the process of chemiosmosis

32
Q

chemiosmosis uses a protein powdered enzyme called?

A

ATP synthase

33
Q

hydrogen atom=

A

1 electron and 1 proton

34
Q

in the cytochrome oxidase system, electrons are passed?

A

from one acceptor to another like a ball rolling down a hill

-energy is released

35
Q

energy is used to actively transport H+ into where?

what does this create?

A

into intramembranous space, creates a proton gradient

36
Q

what happens after the proton gradient is formed?

A

H+ then move back into the matrix (down the concentration gradient) through a transport protein (ATP synthase)

37
Q

what is anaerobic cellular respiration?

A

catabolism of glucose without oxygen

  • no co2 or h20 is produced
  • ONLY glycolysis
38
Q

how many ATP from anaerobic cellular respiration?

A
  • yields only 2ATP/glucose
  • produces lactic acid “lactic acid fermentation”
  • glucose (6C) broken into 2 pyruvate which become two lactic acids
39
Q

what happens if glucose and glycogen are depleted in the body?

A

GLUCONEOGENESIS

40
Q

what is gluconeogenesis?

A

synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate (in liver)

-glycerol, amino acid, lactic acid ——> are converted into glucose

41
Q

what is protogenesis?

where does it occur?

A

anabolic, making proteins

  • amino acids made into proteins
  • occurs in liver and muscle tissue mainly
42
Q

what is proteolysis?

A

catabolic, breaking down of proteins into amino acids

-the amino acids can be used for energy but must be modified…

43
Q

what is deamination?

A

the removal of amino NH2 group from amino acids

  • part that is deaminated is called ketoacid
  • can be converted into pyruvate and metabolized for energy
44
Q

during deamination another part is converted into urea, what happens with it?

A

excreted in urine

45
Q

too much protein metabolism can contribute to?

A

ketoacidosis

46
Q

what is transamination?

A

transfer of amino group from one amino acid to a keto acid

  • goal is to produce a different amino acid that can be metabolized for energy or used to make a protein
  • necessary because only some A.As can be metabolized for energy
47
Q

what is lipolysis?

A

breakdown of stored fat (triglycerides)

  • catabolic
  • pyruvate and acetyl-coA can be metabolized in krebs cycle to form ATP
48
Q

beta oxidation of fatty acids produces?

A

ketones (organic acids)

49
Q

if a carb is not available as fuel (diabetes, starvation, low carb diet), accumulation of what can occur?

A

toxic and acid metabolites (ketoacidosis)

50
Q

what is lipogenesis?

A

anabolic, triglyceride synthesis (from proteins and carbs)
-glucose–> glycerol
-amino acids–> fatty acids
^ —> triglycerides

51
Q

when does lipogenesis occur?

A

when dietary intake of nutrients exceeds energy needs

-triglycerides are main storage form of energy in the body

52
Q

cholesterol metabolism (or cholesterol synthesis) occurs from?

A
  • 15% dietary sources (eg. animal fats)

- 85% of cholesterol is synthesized from fatty acids in the liver

53
Q

what is the absorptive state of metabolism?

A

begins after eating, lasts several hours

-anabolic reactions prevail—-> storage!

54
Q

after eating, blood glucose increases, so ur pancreases secretes insulin, where does the insulin target?

A

the LIVER- for glycogenesis, proteogenesis, lypogenesis
the ADIPOSE- for lipogenesis
MUSCLE- for proteogenesis and glycogenesis

55
Q

what is the post-absorptive state?

A 
fasted state (nutrients not being absorbed)
-catabolic reactions prevail
56
Q

when your in a fasted state and blood glucose decreases, what secretions occur?

A

pancreas secretes glucagon
adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine
-both secretions cause glycogenesis in the LIVER and MUSCLE

57
Q

when your in a fasted state and blood glucose REALLLLY decreases, what secretion occurs?

A

adrenal cortex secretes cortisol

  • lipolysis occurs in adipose
  • proteolysis in liver and muscle
  • gluconeogenesis in the liver

biology 153 (17 decks)

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