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biology 153 > metabolism) > Flashcards

metabolism) Flashcards

1
Q

what is metabolism?

A

sum of all biochemical reactions in the body

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2
Q

all metabolic reactions occur where and are catalyzed by what?

A

occur in cells and are catalyzed by enzymes!

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3
Q

metabolism has two kind of reactions?

A

anabolic and catabolic

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4
Q

Macromolecules (polymers) include?

A

proteins, complex carbs, triglycerides

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5
Q

macromolecules undergo ______ reactions?

A

catabolic reactions! energy is released from catabolism which can be used to make ATP

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6
Q

what are catabolic reactions?

A

the break down (hydrolysis) of large molecules

-releases energy

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7
Q

catabolic reactions results in..

A

small monomers (amino acids, monosaccharides, fatty acids)

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8
Q

small monomers undergo which reactions?

A

anabolic (the building of LARGE molecules)

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9
Q

what are anabolic reactions?

A

building large molecules (store energy in new chemical bonds)

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10
Q

what is ATP ($)!

A

adenosine triphosphate

  • energy currency of cells
  • energy in the phosphate bonds of ATP can be used directly to fuel metabolic reactions
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11
Q

ATP equation?

A

ATP—– ADP + 34 kJ

  • completely reversible
  • a lot of energy is heat, released when phosphate bond is broken
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12
Q

what is BMR

A

basal metabolic rate

  • the energy required for the body to perform all essential processes
  • does NOT include energy expended on activity (which can be a lot!!!)
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13
Q

what is BMR affected by?

A

age, sex, body comp (muscle vs. fat), body shape, hormones (esp. thyroid hormone), stress, environmental temperature

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14
Q

what are metabolic reserves?

A

where energy is stored in the human body

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15
Q

percentages of the metabolic reserves..

A
  • 85% lipids (triglycerides)
  • 14.5% protein
  • 0.5% carbohydrates
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16
Q

most cells generate ATP by?

A

metabolizing carbohydrates

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17
Q

what is glycogen

A

a polymer of glucose, storage form of carb

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18
Q

where is glycogen stored

A

skeletal muscle and liver (enough fuel for about 90 minutes of intense activity)

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19
Q

what is glycogensis

A

anabolic reaction of making glycogen from glucose

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20
Q

what is glycogeneolysis

A

catabolic reaction of breaking glycogen down into glucose

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21
Q

glucose (C6H12O6) is involved in cellular respiration.. what is that?
what are the two forms?

A

cellular respiration= catabolism of glucose, energy used to make ATP (glucose is burned!)
-may be AEROBIC (needs oxygen) or ANAEROBIC (no oxygen)

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22
Q

explain aerobic cellular respiration (the main points!)

A
  • most steps occur in mitochondira
  • catabolism of 1 molecule of glucose yields 36-38 ATP
  • products of aerobic metabolism of glucose catabolism= CO2 and H20
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23
Q

aerobic cellular resp equation?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 —-> 6CO2 + 6H20

24
Q

what are the 3 steps of aerobic cellular respiration?

A
  1. glycolysis (sugar splitting)
  2. citric acid cycle (krebs cycle)
  3. electron transport and chemioosmosis
25
what happens during glycolysis? where does it occur? how many ATP are produced?
- it is anaerobic (no oxygen) - takes place in cytoplasm - glucose is split into 2 pyruvate, energy released to make 2 ATP - 2 pyruvate are transported in the mitochondria - 4 ATP are actually made, but 2 are stored in molecules called NADH
26
what is krebs cycle? acceptors? how many times does it occur? how many ATP?
- series of reactions - pyruvate is broken down and carbon is released as CO2 - hydrogens/electrons are picked up my acceptors - must go through cycle 2x per glucose - NETS 2 ATP
27
acceptors involved in krebs cycle?
NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) -NAD + H ----> NADH FAD (flavin adenine dinucleutide) - FAD + 2H -----> FADH2
28
purpose of electron transport and chemiosmosis? | also known as?
to get energy out of bonds in NADH and FADH2 - also known as cytochrome oxidase system - hydrogens (protons and electrons) transferred from NADH and FADH2 to a series of acceptors located in inner membrane (cristae) of mitochondria
29
inner membrane of mitochondira=
cristae
30
the terminal acceptor in the electron transport chain is?
oxygen (hence aerobic respiration) | -oxygen picks up electrons and protons and forms water
31
how many ATP does electron transport and chemiosmosis produce?
34 ATP by the process of chemiosmosis
32
chemiosmosis uses a protein powdered enzyme called?
ATP synthase
33
hydrogen atom=
1 electron and 1 proton
34
in the cytochrome oxidase system, electrons are passed?
from one acceptor to another like a ball rolling down a hill | -energy is released
35
energy is used to actively transport H+ into where? | what does this create?
into intramembranous space, creates a proton gradient
36
what happens after the proton gradient is formed?
H+ then move back into the matrix (down the concentration gradient) through a transport protein (ATP synthase)
37
what is anaerobic cellular respiration?
catabolism of glucose without oxygen - no co2 or h20 is produced - ONLY glycolysis
38
how many ATP from anaerobic cellular respiration?
- yields only 2ATP/glucose - produces lactic acid "lactic acid fermentation" - glucose (6C) broken into 2 pyruvate which become two lactic acids
39
what happens if glucose and glycogen are depleted in the body?
GLUCONEOGENESIS
40
what is gluconeogenesis?
synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate (in liver) | -glycerol, amino acid, lactic acid ------> are converted into glucose
41
what is protogenesis? | where does it occur?
anabolic, making proteins - amino acids made into proteins - occurs in liver and muscle tissue mainly
42
what is proteolysis?
catabolic, breaking down of proteins into amino acids | -the amino acids can be used for energy but must be modified...
43
what is deamination?
the removal of amino NH2 group from amino acids - part that is deaminated is called ketoacid - can be converted into pyruvate and metabolized for energy
44
during deamination another part is converted into urea, what happens with it?
excreted in urine
45
too much protein metabolism can contribute to?
ketoacidosis
46
what is transamination?
transfer of amino group from one amino acid to a keto acid - goal is to produce a different amino acid that can be metabolized for energy or used to make a protein - necessary because only some A.As can be metabolized for energy
47
what is lipolysis?
breakdown of stored fat (triglycerides) - catabolic - pyruvate and acetyl-coA can be metabolized in krebs cycle to form ATP
48
beta oxidation of fatty acids produces?
ketones (organic acids)
49
if a carb is not available as fuel (diabetes, starvation, low carb diet), accumulation of what can occur?
toxic and acid metabolites (ketoacidosis)
50
what is lipogenesis?
anabolic, triglyceride synthesis (from proteins and carbs) -glucose--> glycerol -amino acids--> fatty acids ^ ---> triglycerides
51
when does lipogenesis occur?
when dietary intake of nutrients exceeds energy needs | -triglycerides are main storage form of energy in the body
52
cholesterol metabolism (or cholesterol synthesis) occurs from?
- 15% dietary sources (eg. animal fats) | - 85% of cholesterol is synthesized from fatty acids in the liver
53
what is the absorptive state of metabolism?
begins after eating, lasts several hours | -anabolic reactions prevail----> storage!
54
after eating, blood glucose increases, so ur pancreases secretes insulin, where does the insulin target?
the LIVER- for glycogenesis, proteogenesis, lypogenesis the ADIPOSE- for lipogenesis MUSCLE- for proteogenesis and glycogenesis
55
what is the post-absorptive state?
``` fasted state (nutrients not being absorbed) -catabolic reactions prevail ```
56
when your in a fasted state and blood glucose decreases, what secretions occur?
pancreas secretes glucagon adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine -both secretions cause glycogenesis in the LIVER and MUSCLE
57
when your in a fasted state and blood glucose REALLLLY decreases, what secretion occurs?
adrenal cortex secretes cortisol - lipolysis occurs in adipose - proteolysis in liver and muscle - gluconeogenesis in the liver

biology 153 (17 decks)

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