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biology 153 > hematology > Flashcards

hematology Flashcards

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1
Q

what does blood transport?

A

oxygen: from lungs to all cells
nutrients: from digestive organs to all cells
wastes: from all cells to lungs (CO2) or kidneys (urea or ammonium)
hormones: from endocrine glands to target organs

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2
Q

what does blood maintain?

A

body temp: vasodilation of superficial blood vessels allow heat loss
pH: plasma proteins, bicarbonate ion act as buffers
fluid volume: ions, plasma proteins draw in water

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3
Q

what does blood protect?

A

against blood loss: platelets, plasma proteins form clots

against infection: white blood cells, plasma proteins fight foreign invaders

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4
Q

function of the heart?

A

pumps, maintains flow of blood through blood vessels

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5
Q

function of blood vessels?

A

carry blood to all cells

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6
Q

function of lymphatic system?

A

returns excess interstitial fluid to circulatory system

site of white blood cell maturation, activity

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7
Q

what is a hematocrit?

A

The percent of red blood cells in total volume

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8
Q

blood= ?

A

plasma + formed elements (RBC, WBC, platelets)

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9
Q

what would a high hematocrit indicate?

A
  • Adaption to high amplitude
  • Overproduction of RBC–> polycythemia
  • Cancer
  • Could lead to blood clots
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10
Q

low hematocrit indicates?

A
  • fewer or smaller RBCS

- some type of anemia

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11
Q

without a nucleus, the RBC cannot make the proteins and other molecules it needs to maintain itself. what consequences does this have for the cell and you?

A

cell will die.

-anemia could occur.

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12
Q

sickle cell anemia patients have a mutation that causes their hemoglobin molecules to link under low O2 conditions. this causes the cell to become crescent or sickle shaped. how will this affect the function of RBCs?

A

snag onto themselves and each other, stops blood flow, blood clotting, tissue dies

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13
Q

what are erythrocytes

A

red blood cells

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14
Q

what are erythrocytes designed to do

A

pick up, transport, and release O2 + CO2

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15
Q

what are erythrocytes filled with

A

hemoglobin (Hb)

  • 280 million Hb molecules/ RBC
  • made of 4 globin protein subunits
  • surrounding 4 heme groups with iron
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16
Q

what does CO2 bind to on the hemoglobin

A

the 4 globin protein subunits

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17
Q

what does O2 bind to on the hemoglobin

A

the 4 heme groups with iron

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18
Q

RBC are small biconcave discs.. why?

A

increase surface area to volume ratio, decrease distance for diffusion
form stacks to pass through capillaries

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19
Q

RBC have spectrin protein in PM so..

A

RBC can squeeze through capillaries

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20
Q

mature RBC lack nuclei and organelles so that..

A

there is more room for Hb

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21
Q

leukocytes are also known as?

A

white blood cells

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22
Q

do leukocytes have nuclei and organelles?

A

yes

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23
Q

blood vessels carry WBC to..

A

damaged area

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24
Q

WBC moves into damaged tissues by..

A

amoeboid motion

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25
Q

Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas

A 
Neutrophil
Lymphocyte
Monocyte
Eosinophil
Basophil
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26
Q

neutrophil- description & function

A

description: multi-lobed nucleus, granules contain digestive enzymes, antibacterial proteins
function: phagocytic (engulfs bacteria, fungi)

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27
Q

lymphocyte- description & function

A

description: single large nucleus with small ring of cytoplasm, mostly found in lymph nodes, spleen, thymus
function: T cells destroy virus infected cells + tumour cells, activated B cells= plasma cells produce antibodies (Ab) which label and clump bacteria, foreign particles

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28
Q

monocyte- description & function

A

description: largest leukocyte, single bean shaped nucleus
function: turn into macrophages which are phagocytic

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29
Q

eosinophil- description & function

A

description: bi-lobed nucleus, red staining granules contain cytotoxic proteins
function: release digestive enzymes to destroy parasites

30
Q

basophil- description & function

A

description: rarest, has indistinct nucleus, large granules with histamine
function: release histamine, cause blood vessels to dilate so WBC can arrive quickly, get into tissues= inflammation

31
Q

what are thrombocytes?

A

platelets, cell fragments

32
Q

brief description of platelets

A
  • form fast, temporary plug in damaged blood vessels

- secrete factors required for formation of blood clot, repair

33
Q

what is plasma

A

90% water, +> 100 different dissolved solutes

34
Q

what are some of the solutes in plasma

A

nutrients: glucose, amino acids, fat products, vitamins
gases: O2 and CO2
wastes: lactic acid, uric acid, urea, creatinine
ions
plasma proteins

35
Q

function of albumin

A

buffers blood

36
Q

function of alpha and beta globulins

A

transports lipids, fat soluble vitamins, metal ions

37
Q

function of gamma globulin

A

form antibodies

38
Q

what is hematopoiesis and where does it occur?

A

formation of blood cells

occurs in red bone marrow

39
Q

hemocytoblast (hematopoietic stem cell) undergoes..

A

differentiation to become all formed elements of blood

40
Q

leukopoiesis=?

A

formation of leukocytes

41
Q

leukopoiesis is regulated by?

A

cytokines (cell signalling molecules) called CSFs (colony stimulating factors)
number of WBCs vary and are produced in response to immune system requirements

42
Q

hemocytoblast of leukopoiesis can form one of two stem cells…

A

myeloid stem cell or lymphoid stem cell

43
Q

myeloid stem cell path..

A

myeloid stem cell– blast cell– myelocytes– band cells

basophil, eosinophil, neutrophil

44
Q

which leukocytes are granular?

A

basophil, eosinophil, neutrophil

45
Q

which leukocytes are agranular?

A

monocyte, leukocyte

46
Q

lymphoid stem cell path..

A

lymphoid stem cell– blast cell– monocyte OR lymphocyte

47
Q

what is thrombocytopoiesis and what is it regulated by>

A

formation of thrombocytes (platelets)

regulated by thrombopoietin (TPO) produced in the kidneys

48
Q

platelets form by?

A

fragmentation of a large blast cell called megakaryocytes

49
Q

hemocytoblast of a thrombocytopoiesis path..

A

hemocytoblast– myeloid stem cell– megakaryocyte– fragmentation– platelets

50
Q

what is erythropoiesis and what is the production enhanced by?

A

formation of erythrocytes (red blood cells)
red blood cell synthesis takes approx 3-5 days
approx 2 million RBCs are
enhanced by the steroid testosterone

51
Q

what mineral does erythropoiesis require and why?

A

iron (Fe) to make O2 carrying the pigment of hemoglobin

52
Q

what is hemoglobin

A

tetramer of 4 globin proteins- 2 alpha, 2 beta

53
Q

each heme contains a single

A

Fe

54
Q

each iron can bind a single

A

O2, so 4 total

55
Q

steps of erythropoiesis

A

hemocytoblast– myeloid stem cell– proerythroblast– erythroblast– normoblast– reticulocyte– erythrocyte

56
Q

2 phases of erythroblast?

A

phase I: ribosome synthesis

phase II: hemoglobin synthesis

57
Q

3rd phase of normoblast?

A

nucleus ejected

58
Q

reticulocyte is?

A

the younger erythrocyte, many ribosomes

59
Q

what is erythropoiesis controlled by?

A

glycoprotein hormone (erythropoietin) EPO

60
Q

EPO is secreted by?

A

the kidneys in response to hypoxia (O2 deficiency)

61
Q

what causes hypoxia?

A

blood loss, decrease and increase in O2

62
Q

recycling of RBCs.. RBCs become less..

A

flexible and more fragile with age

63
Q

less flexibility means reduced O2…

A

carrying capacity and hemolysis

64
Q

lifespan of RBC?

A

120 days

65
Q

what traps old RBCs?

A

the spleen and liver

66
Q

macrophages in the spleen and liver..

A

phagocytize RBCs

67
Q

Fe is _____ to cells and must be conjugated to proteins when transported or stored

A

toxic

68
Q

how is globin of hemoglobin metabolized by the spleen and liver macrophages?

A

globin– amino acids– enter circulation

69
Q

heme into biliverdin?

A

heme– biliverdin– bilirubin– liver– bile– urobillins (pee) OR sterocobilins (brown)

70
Q

heme into iron?

A

bound to transport protein in blood TRANSFERRIN–
to the liver (and spleen) OR bone marrow
Liver– stored as iron/protein complexes ferritin and hemosiderin
Bone marrow– used in erythropoiesis

biology 153 (17 decks)

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