Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

biology 153 > hematology > Flashcards

hematology Flashcards

1
Q

what does blood transport?

A

oxygen: from lungs to all cells
nutrients: from digestive organs to all cells
wastes: from all cells to lungs (CO2) or kidneys (urea or ammonium)
hormones: from endocrine glands to target organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what does blood maintain?

A

body temp: vasodilation of superficial blood vessels allow heat loss
pH: plasma proteins, bicarbonate ion act as buffers
fluid volume: ions, plasma proteins draw in water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what does blood protect?

A

against blood loss: platelets, plasma proteins form clots

against infection: white blood cells, plasma proteins fight foreign invaders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

function of the heart?

A

pumps, maintains flow of blood through blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

function of blood vessels?

A

carry blood to all cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

function of lymphatic system?

A

returns excess interstitial fluid to circulatory system

site of white blood cell maturation, activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is a hematocrit?

A

The percent of red blood cells in total volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

blood= ?

A

plasma + formed elements (RBC, WBC, platelets)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what would a high hematocrit indicate?

A
  • Adaption to high amplitude
  • Overproduction of RBC–> polycythemia
  • Cancer
  • Could lead to blood clots
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

low hematocrit indicates?

A
  • fewer or smaller RBCS

- some type of anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

without a nucleus, the RBC cannot make the proteins and other molecules it needs to maintain itself. what consequences does this have for the cell and you?

A

cell will die.

-anemia could occur.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

sickle cell anemia patients have a mutation that causes their hemoglobin molecules to link under low O2 conditions. this causes the cell to become crescent or sickle shaped. how will this affect the function of RBCs?

A

snag onto themselves and each other, stops blood flow, blood clotting, tissue dies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are erythrocytes

A

red blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are erythrocytes designed to do

A

pick up, transport, and release O2 + CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are erythrocytes filled with

A

hemoglobin (Hb)

  • 280 million Hb molecules/ RBC
  • made of 4 globin protein subunits
  • surrounding 4 heme groups with iron
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what does CO2 bind to on the hemoglobin

A

the 4 globin protein subunits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what does O2 bind to on the hemoglobin

A

the 4 heme groups with iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

RBC are small biconcave discs.. why?

A

increase surface area to volume ratio, decrease distance for diffusion
form stacks to pass through capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

RBC have spectrin protein in PM so..

A

RBC can squeeze through capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

mature RBC lack nuclei and organelles so that..

A

there is more room for Hb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

leukocytes are also known as?

A

white blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

do leukocytes have nuclei and organelles?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

blood vessels carry WBC to..

A

damaged area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

WBC moves into damaged tissues by..

A

amoeboid motion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
``` Neutrophil Lymphocyte Monocyte Eosinophil Basophil ```
26
neutrophil- description & function
description: multi-lobed nucleus, granules contain digestive enzymes, antibacterial proteins function: phagocytic (engulfs bacteria, fungi)
27
lymphocyte- description & function
description: single large nucleus with small ring of cytoplasm, mostly found in lymph nodes, spleen, thymus function: T cells destroy virus infected cells + tumour cells, activated B cells= plasma cells produce antibodies (Ab) which label and clump bacteria, foreign particles
28
monocyte- description & function
description: largest leukocyte, single bean shaped nucleus function: turn into macrophages which are phagocytic
29
eosinophil- description & function
description: bi-lobed nucleus, red staining granules contain cytotoxic proteins function: release digestive enzymes to destroy parasites
30
basophil- description & function
description: rarest, has indistinct nucleus, large granules with histamine function: release histamine, cause blood vessels to dilate so WBC can arrive quickly, get into tissues= inflammation
31
what are thrombocytes?
platelets, cell fragments
32
brief description of platelets
- form fast, temporary plug in damaged blood vessels | - secrete factors required for formation of blood clot, repair
33
what is plasma
90% water, +> 100 different dissolved solutes
34
what are some of the solutes in plasma
nutrients: glucose, amino acids, fat products, vitamins gases: O2 and CO2 wastes: lactic acid, uric acid, urea, creatinine ions plasma proteins
35
function of albumin
buffers blood
36
function of alpha and beta globulins
transports lipids, fat soluble vitamins, metal ions
37
function of gamma globulin
form antibodies
38
what is hematopoiesis and where does it occur?
formation of blood cells | occurs in red bone marrow
39
hemocytoblast (hematopoietic stem cell) undergoes..
differentiation to become all formed elements of blood
40
leukopoiesis=?
formation of leukocytes
41
leukopoiesis is regulated by?
cytokines (cell signalling molecules) called CSFs (colony stimulating factors) number of WBCs vary and are produced in response to immune system requirements
42
hemocytoblast of leukopoiesis can form one of two stem cells...
myeloid stem cell or lymphoid stem cell
43
myeloid stem cell path..
myeloid stem cell-- blast cell-- myelocytes-- band cells | basophil, eosinophil, neutrophil
44
which leukocytes are granular?
basophil, eosinophil, neutrophil
45
which leukocytes are agranular?
monocyte, leukocyte
46
lymphoid stem cell path..
lymphoid stem cell-- blast cell-- monocyte OR lymphocyte
47
what is thrombocytopoiesis and what is it regulated by>
formation of thrombocytes (platelets) | regulated by thrombopoietin (TPO) produced in the kidneys
48
platelets form by?
fragmentation of a large blast cell called megakaryocytes
49
hemocytoblast of a thrombocytopoiesis path..
hemocytoblast-- myeloid stem cell-- megakaryocyte-- fragmentation-- platelets
50
what is erythropoiesis and what is the production enhanced by?
formation of erythrocytes (red blood cells) red blood cell synthesis takes approx 3-5 days approx 2 million RBCs are enhanced by the steroid testosterone
51
what mineral does erythropoiesis require and why?
iron (Fe) to make O2 carrying the pigment of hemoglobin
52
what is hemoglobin
tetramer of 4 globin proteins- 2 alpha, 2 beta
53
each heme contains a single
Fe
54
each iron can bind a single
O2, so 4 total
55
steps of erythropoiesis
hemocytoblast-- myeloid stem cell-- proerythroblast-- erythroblast-- normoblast-- reticulocyte-- erythrocyte
56
2 phases of erythroblast?
phase I: ribosome synthesis | phase II: hemoglobin synthesis
57
3rd phase of normoblast?
nucleus ejected
58
reticulocyte is?
the younger erythrocyte, many ribosomes
59
what is erythropoiesis controlled by?
glycoprotein hormone (erythropoietin) EPO
60
EPO is secreted by?
the kidneys in response to hypoxia (O2 deficiency)
61
what causes hypoxia?
blood loss, decrease and increase in O2
62
recycling of RBCs.. RBCs become less..
flexible and more fragile with age
63
less flexibility means reduced O2...
carrying capacity and hemolysis
64
lifespan of RBC?
120 days
65
what traps old RBCs?
the spleen and liver
66
macrophages in the spleen and liver..
phagocytize RBCs
67
Fe is _____ to cells and must be conjugated to proteins when transported or stored
toxic
68
how is globin of hemoglobin metabolized by the spleen and liver macrophages?
globin-- amino acids-- enter circulation
69
heme into biliverdin?
heme-- biliverdin-- bilirubin-- liver-- bile-- urobillins (pee) OR sterocobilins (brown)
70
heme into iron?
bound to transport protein in blood TRANSFERRIN-- to the liver (and spleen) OR bone marrow Liver-- stored as iron/protein complexes ferritin and hemosiderin Bone marrow-- used in erythropoiesis

biology 153 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions