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biology 153 > cardiovascular anatomy > Flashcards

cardiovascular anatomy Flashcards

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1
Q

where is the heart located and how big is it?

A

located in the mediastinum (area of thoracic cavity between lungs)
it is fist-sized (250-350g)

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2
Q

what is the systemic vs. pulmonary circuit

A

systemic- heart pumping oxygenated blood to body, body bringing deoxygenated blood to heart
pulmonary- heart pumping deoxygenated blood to lungs, lungs bringing oxygenated blood to heart

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3
Q

what are the coverings of the heart called?

A

pericardium

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4
Q

coverings of the heart from outermost to innermost

A

fibrous pericardium
parietal pericardium
pericardial cavity (serous fluid)
visceral pericardium (“epicardium”)

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5
Q

what are the 3 layers of the heart

A
  • epicardium (visceral pericardium)= simple squamous+areolar
  • myocardium (cardiac muscle)
  • endocardium (membrane lining chambers)= simple squamous+areolar
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6
Q

explain the 2 atria

A

right atrium- receives blood from body

left atrium- receives blood from lungs

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7
Q

explain the 2 ventricles

A

right ventricle- receives blood from r. atrium

left ventricle- receives blood from l. atrium

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8
Q

what is the septum?

A

left side is separated from right side by a thick wall (SEPTUM)
L&R atria, L&R ventricles contract TOGETHER

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9
Q

what are heart valves?

A

flaps of endocardium=dense CT

=prevent backflow of blood

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10
Q

what are the atrioventricular valves (AV)

A
  • between atria and ventricles
  • prevent backflow
  • triscupid valve (between RA and RV)
  • biscuspid valve (between LA and LV)
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11
Q

what are the atrioventricular valves anchored to?

A

papillary muscles by chordae tendineae

=these strands of CT prevent collapse of valves when ventricles contract

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12
Q

what are the semilunar valves (SL)

A
  • between ventricles and large arteries of the heart
  • prevent backflow into ventricles from arteries leaving heart
  • pulmonary semilunar valve (between pulmonary trunk and RV)
  • aortic semilunar valve (between aorta and LV)
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13
Q

what is blood turbulence associated with?

A

valve closure

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14
Q

explain the sounds produced by the heart

A

2 distinct sounds
-“lubb” (S1) AV valve closure (following atrial contraction)
-“dupp” (S2) SL valve closure (following ventricular contraction)
faint third and fourth can be heart in healthy heart
S3= blood into ventricles
S4= atria contract

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15
Q

what is a heart murmur?

A

abnormal sounds heard during auscultation of the heart

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16
Q

3 blood vessels

A

arteries+veins+capillaries

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17
Q

what is the basic structure (3 layers) of blood vessels

A
  • tunica externa (superficial)= fibrous C.T
  • tunica media (middle)= smooth muscle&elastic C.T
  • tunica interna (deep)= endothelium, basement membrane, elastic membrane
18
Q

how many layers do capillaries have?

A

only one layer. endothelium with thin basement membrane

19
Q

explain arteries (blood flow, pressure, layers)?

A
  • blood AWAY from heart
  • most OXYGENATED
  • HIGH PRESSURE (elastic membrane facilitates stretching
  • THICK tunic media (smooth muscle allows constriction)
20
Q

types of arteries?

A

1) large arteries- (aorta) thick layer of elastic tissue, high pressure
2) distributing (muscular)- mid-sized, thick smooth muscle
3) arterioles- smallest, no externa, thin smooth muscle

21
Q

explain veins (blood flow, pressure, layers)?

A
  • blood TOWARD heart
  • most DEOXYGENATED
  • LOW PRESSURE
  • thin tunica media (less smooth muscle)
  • VALVES (prevent backflow)
  • venules (smallest)- no smooth muscle
22
Q

how does the venous system return blood to heart if pressure is low?

A
  • “skeletal muscle pump”= muscle contraction massages veins (valves prevent backflow)
  • “respiratory pump”- changes in thoracic and abdominal pressure
  • expansion of rib cage
23
Q

what are varicose veins?

A

valves do not close properly, weakened walls, inflammation

24
Q

explain capillaries?

A
  • SMALL (about diameter of one RBC)
  • form CAPILLARY BEDS
  • SITE of EXCHANGE (between blood and tissues)
  • endothelium ONLY, thin and permeable
25
Q

what are capillary beds?

A
  • networks of capillaries CONNECTING arterioles with venules
  • flow regulated by rings of smooth muscle called PRECAPILLARY sphincters
  • site of exchange, large surface area
26
Q

what is the coronary sulcus? what sits there?

A

it separates the atria and the ventricles

-right coronary artery sits there

27
Q

left and right coronary arteries?

A

arise from aorta and provide oxygenated blood to the heart tissue

28
Q

when blood flow through a coronary artery is blocked, what happens?

A

spasm in smooth muscle of heart, heart attack

29
Q

the right atrium receives blood from where?

A

deoxygenated blood from superior and inferior vena cava and from coronary sinus

30
Q

what does the pulmonary trunk branch into?

A

left and right pulmonary arteries

31
Q

pulmonary veins carry?

A

oxygenated blood

32
Q

pulmonary arteries carry?

A

deoxygenated blood

33
Q

why is the left ventricular wall so much thicker than the right?

A

thicker to enable the left ventricle to develop pressure to push blood through the large systemic circuit

34
Q

function of the aortic semilunar valve?

A

blood leaves left ventricle through aortic valve into ascending aorta

35
Q

where do coronary arteries originate from?

A

base of the ascending aorta

36
Q

the coronary sinuses deliver deoxygenated blood to?

A

right atrium

37
Q

what is a CAD?

A

partial or complete blockage of coronary circulation

38
Q

what is myocardial infarction?

A

part of the coronary circulation becomes blocked and cardiac muscle cells die from lack of oxygen

39
Q

brain can receive oxygenated blood from what 2 pairs of major arteries?

A

basilar artery

internal carotid artery

40
Q

the basilar artery and internal carotid artery are connected by a ring shaped anastomosis called..

A

the circle of willis

biology 153 (17 decks)

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