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Bio 205 > Microbial World & You Ch. 1 > Flashcards

Microbial World & You Ch. 1 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are Microbes?

A

living things that individually are too small to be seen with the naked eye.

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2
Q

What is the binomial system of Nomenclature?

A

1735 Linnaeus created scientific name using genus and species underlined.

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3
Q

What are the types of microbes?

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Archaea
  3. Fungi
  4. Protozoa
  5. Algae
  6. Viruses
  7. Multicellular parasites
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4
Q
  1. Bacteria
A
  • unicellular, prokaryote
  • bacillus, coccus, spirals
  • has peptidoglycan layer
  • divided binary fission
  • may have flagella
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5
Q
  1. Archaea
A
  • ancient prokaryotes
  • no known pathogens
  • methanogens: produce methane gas from cellular process
  • Extreme halophiles - salt loving - Great Salt Lake
  • Extreme Thermophiles - found in hot sulfur water
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6
Q
  1. Fungi
A
  • eukaryotes
  • unicellular or multicellular
  • cell walls made of chitin
  • Reproduce sexually or asexually
  • Absorb organics from environment
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7
Q
  1. Protozoa
A
  • unicellular eukaryotes
  • movement through pseudopodia, cilia
  • reproduce sexually or asexually
  • absorb or ingest nutrients
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8
Q
  1. Algae
A
  • photosynthetic eukaryotes
  • sexual or asexual reproduction
  • may have cell walls of cellulose
  • found in fresh or salt water
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9
Q
  1. Viruses
A
  • Acellular (unable to reproduce on its own)

- Nucleic acid surround by a protein coat which may have lipid envelope

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10
Q
  1. Multicellular parasites
A
  • flat and round worms = helminthes

- usually have microscopic stage of life

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11
Q

What are the domains?

A
  • bacteria
  • archaea
  • Eukarya (protists, fungi, plants, animals)
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12
Q

Robert Hooke ?

A

1665 used term “Cell” because noticed small boxes in plant tissue.

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13
Q

Van Leeuwenhoek ?

A

1673 - 1723
improved first microscope and can see living cells
Spontaneous generation - belief that living things arise from non living matter

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14
Q

Francisco Redi ?

A

1668
opponent of spontaneous generation
filled 2 jars with decaying meat - left one unsealed and developed maggots

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15
Q

John Needham ?

A

1745
proponent of spontaneous generation
heated chicken broth in sealed flasks - microbes formed - claimed grew spontaneously

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16
Q

Spallanzani ?

A

1765

opponent of spontaneous generation - claimed microbes entered broth after boiled

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17
Q

Rudolf Virchow ?

A

1858

concept of biogenesis - living cells arise only from pre-existing cells and was supported by Pasteur’s

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18
Q

Louis Pasteur ?

A

1861
Placed broth in S-necked flasks then boiled and cooled - neck trapped microbes - broth sterile - 100 years later no contamination

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19
Q

What is an Aseptic Technique?

A

prevent contamination by unwanted microbes - 1st responsibility of micro students

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20
Q

What is Fermentation?

A

microbes convert sugars to alcohols without oxygen, like beat and wine. If contaminated with type of bacteria spoilage occurs forming acetic acid.

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21
Q

What is Pasteurization?

A

heating just enough to kill most microbes without spoiling product

22
Q

What is Germ Theory?

A

microbes are capable of physically and chemically altering organic material in plants and animals.

23
Q

What did Lister do in 1860 ?

A

applied germ theory in medical procedure - treating surgical wounds with carbolic acid to decrease infection

24
Q

What did Koch do in 1876 ?

A

searched causative agent of anthrax that was killing sheep and cattle - created Koch’s postulates

25
Q

What did Jenner do?

A

vaccine from smallpox - scrapings cowpox lesion and inoculated into 8 year old boy who never developed

26
Q

treatment of a disease using chemicals

A

Chemotherapy

27
Q

first to use a synthetic drug in 1910 to treat syphilis

A

Paul Ehrlich

28
Q

Who found Antibiotics in 1928?

A

Alexander fleming - noticed a zone of inhibition around contaminant fungus growing on bacterial plate

29
Q

Bacteriology

A

study of bacteria micro organisms

30
Q

Mycology

A

study of fungi

31
Q

Parasitology

A

studies of protozoans and parasitic worms

32
Q

Virology

A

study of viruses

33
Q

studies how DNA controls protein synthesis

A

Molecular biology

34
Q

studies relationships between microbes and environment

A

microbial ecology

35
Q

using microbes to clean up environmental pollutants

A

Bioremediation

36
Q

bacteria are added to dusting powder of plants

A

Insect Controle

37
Q

Inserting a missing gene or replacing a defective gene in human cells to treat disease

A

Gene Therapy

38
Q

Commercial use to produce food and chemicals

A

Biotechnology

39
Q

microbes in or on the human body

A

normal microbiota/ flora

40
Q

ability to ward off disease

A

resistance

41
Q

microbes attach to each other and to solid surfaces such as rocks in moving water

A

Biofilms

42
Q

pathogen invades a susceptible host, living out parts of life cycle causing disease

A

Infectious Disease

43
Q

one that is new or changing and have increased or have potential to increase.

A

Emerging Infectious Disease (EID)

44
Q

killed 24 people and millions of domesticated birds in 2003

A

Avian Influenza A (bird flu)

45
Q

Severe acute respiratory syndrome - China 2002 viral infection

A

SARS

46
Q

treated with penicillin but developed resistance in 1950 due to overuse and mutations that allowed stronger bacteria to survive.

A

S. aureus

47
Q

Uganda 1937 - came to North America in 1999 - carried by birds transmitted to humans and horsed by mosquitoes

A

West Nile Encephalitis

48
Q

Tuberculosis - multi-drug resistant forms

A

TB

49
Q

caused by an infectious protein called a prion - caused by infected sheep that were used to make cattle feed - Creutzfeldt - Jakob Disease

A

Bovine Spongiform Encephalitis

50
Q

lab tech in hospital in congo had bloody diarrhea and underwent exploratory surgery.

A

Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever 1976

51
Q

homosexuals dying form pneumocystis, decreased immune system

A

(AIDS) Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

Bio 205 (12 decks)

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