Microbial World & You Ch. 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are Microbes?

A

living things that individually are too small to be seen with the naked eye.

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2
Q

What is the binomial system of Nomenclature?

A

1735 Linnaeus created scientific name using genus and species underlined.

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3
Q

What are the types of microbes?

A
  1. Bacteria
  2. Archaea
  3. Fungi
  4. Protozoa
  5. Algae
  6. Viruses
  7. Multicellular parasites
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4
Q
  1. Bacteria
A
  • unicellular, prokaryote
  • bacillus, coccus, spirals
  • has peptidoglycan layer
  • divided binary fission
  • may have flagella
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5
Q
  1. Archaea
A
  • ancient prokaryotes
  • no known pathogens
  • methanogens: produce methane gas from cellular process
  • Extreme halophiles - salt loving - Great Salt Lake
  • Extreme Thermophiles - found in hot sulfur water
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6
Q
  1. Fungi
A
  • eukaryotes
  • unicellular or multicellular
  • cell walls made of chitin
  • Reproduce sexually or asexually
  • Absorb organics from environment
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7
Q
  1. Protozoa
A
  • unicellular eukaryotes
  • movement through pseudopodia, cilia
  • reproduce sexually or asexually
  • absorb or ingest nutrients
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8
Q
  1. Algae
A
  • photosynthetic eukaryotes
  • sexual or asexual reproduction
  • may have cell walls of cellulose
  • found in fresh or salt water
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9
Q
  1. Viruses
A
  • Acellular (unable to reproduce on its own)

- Nucleic acid surround by a protein coat which may have lipid envelope

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10
Q
  1. Multicellular parasites
A
  • flat and round worms = helminthes

- usually have microscopic stage of life

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11
Q

What are the domains?

A
  • bacteria
  • archaea
  • Eukarya (protists, fungi, plants, animals)
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12
Q

Robert Hooke ?

A

1665 used term “Cell” because noticed small boxes in plant tissue.

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13
Q

Van Leeuwenhoek ?

A

1673 - 1723
improved first microscope and can see living cells
Spontaneous generation - belief that living things arise from non living matter

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14
Q

Francisco Redi ?

A

1668
opponent of spontaneous generation
filled 2 jars with decaying meat - left one unsealed and developed maggots

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15
Q

John Needham ?

A

1745
proponent of spontaneous generation
heated chicken broth in sealed flasks - microbes formed - claimed grew spontaneously

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16
Q

Spallanzani ?

A

1765

opponent of spontaneous generation - claimed microbes entered broth after boiled

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17
Q

Rudolf Virchow ?

A

1858

concept of biogenesis - living cells arise only from pre-existing cells and was supported by Pasteur’s

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18
Q

Louis Pasteur ?

A

1861
Placed broth in S-necked flasks then boiled and cooled - neck trapped microbes - broth sterile - 100 years later no contamination

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19
Q

What is an Aseptic Technique?

A

prevent contamination by unwanted microbes - 1st responsibility of micro students

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20
Q

What is Fermentation?

A

microbes convert sugars to alcohols without oxygen, like beat and wine. If contaminated with type of bacteria spoilage occurs forming acetic acid.

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21
Q

What is Pasteurization?

A

heating just enough to kill most microbes without spoiling product

22
Q

What is Germ Theory?

A

microbes are capable of physically and chemically altering organic material in plants and animals.

23
Q

What did Lister do in 1860 ?

A

applied germ theory in medical procedure - treating surgical wounds with carbolic acid to decrease infection

24
Q

What did Koch do in 1876 ?

A

searched causative agent of anthrax that was killing sheep and cattle - created Koch’s postulates

25
What did Jenner do?
vaccine from smallpox - scrapings cowpox lesion and inoculated into 8 year old boy who never developed
26
treatment of a disease using chemicals
Chemotherapy
27
first to use a synthetic drug in 1910 to treat syphilis
Paul Ehrlich
28
Who found Antibiotics in 1928?
Alexander fleming - noticed a zone of inhibition around contaminant fungus growing on bacterial plate
29
Bacteriology
study of bacteria micro organisms
30
Mycology
study of fungi
31
Parasitology
studies of protozoans and parasitic worms
32
Virology
study of viruses
33
studies how DNA controls protein synthesis
Molecular biology
34
studies relationships between microbes and environment
microbial ecology
35
using microbes to clean up environmental pollutants
Bioremediation
36
bacteria are added to dusting powder of plants
Insect Controle
37
Inserting a missing gene or replacing a defective gene in human cells to treat disease
Gene Therapy
38
Commercial use to produce food and chemicals
Biotechnology
39
microbes in or on the human body
normal microbiota/ flora
40
ability to ward off disease
resistance
41
microbes attach to each other and to solid surfaces such as rocks in moving water
Biofilms
42
pathogen invades a susceptible host, living out parts of life cycle causing disease
Infectious Disease
43
one that is new or changing and have increased or have potential to increase.
Emerging Infectious Disease (EID)
44
killed 24 people and millions of domesticated birds in 2003
Avian Influenza A (bird flu)
45
Severe acute respiratory syndrome - China 2002 viral infection
SARS
46
treated with penicillin but developed resistance in 1950 due to overuse and mutations that allowed stronger bacteria to survive.
S. aureus
47
Uganda 1937 - came to North America in 1999 - carried by birds transmitted to humans and horsed by mosquitoes
West Nile Encephalitis
48
Tuberculosis - multi-drug resistant forms
TB
49
caused by an infectious protein called a prion - caused by infected sheep that were used to make cattle feed - Creutzfeldt - Jakob Disease
Bovine Spongiform Encephalitis
50
lab tech in hospital in congo had bloody diarrhea and underwent exploratory surgery.
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever 1976
51
homosexuals dying form pneumocystis, decreased immune system
(AIDS) Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome