CH. 16

Question 1

Resistance

Answer 1

Ability of the immune system to ward off disease.

Question 2

Susceptibility

Answer 2

Lack of resistance

Question 3

Nonspecific Defenses

Answer 3

defense that protects against any pathogen, are the first line of defense.

Question 4

Specific Defenses

Answer 4

based on the actions of specialized cells in the body and the production of antibodies.

Question 5

1. Skin

Answer 5

A. external layers are made of stratified squamous which serve as a physical barrier when not compromised.
B. langerhans cells in the epidermis assist T cells in the identification of foreign antigens.

Question 6

2. Mucous Membrane

Answer 6

A. Line of the GI, respiratory and urogenital tracts.
B. produce mucous which may trap foreign particles.
C. May be lined with cilia that facilitate filtration.

Question 7

3. Lacrimal Apparatus

Answer 7

A. Produce tears that cleanse and rinse the eye

B. tears dilute irritants in the eye.

Question 8

4. Saliva

Answer 8

wash the surface of the teeth and gums to prevent colonization of microbes.

Question 9

5. Urine

Answer 9

cleans the urethra.

Question 10

6. Vaginal Secretions

Answer 10

discharge organisms from the female reproductive tract.

Question 11

7. Sebum

Answer 11

contains fatty acids that maintain the pH of the skin at a range of 3-5 which helps to inhibit microbial growth.

Question 12

8. Perspiration

Answer 12

rinses microbes from the surface of the skin.

Question 13

9. Lysozyme

Answer 13

A. enzyme found in tears, saliva, nasal secretions and tissue fluids.
B. breaks down the cell walls of G+ and a few G- bacteria.

Question 14

10. Gastric Juice

Answer 14

A. HCI which maintains a pH range of 1.2-3 in the stomach

B. Heliobacter pylori neutralizes the acid and will colonize in the stomach causing ulcers.

Question 15

11. Transferrin

Answer 15

A. Used by the body to transport Fe from broken down RBCs

B. Because Fe is bound to this enzyme in the body, it is unavailable to use by bacteria

Question 16

12. Phagocytosis

Answer 16

A. performed by cell called phagocytosis which develop from WBCs
B. Macrophages - one type of phagocyte
1. Fixed - located in the liver, spleen, bone marrow, lungs, lymph nodes
2. wandering - travel to the site of infection, stimulated by chemotaxis

Question 17

13. Inflammation

Answer 17

A. Characterized by 4 signs - Redness, Pain, Heat, and Swelling.
B. Functions are to destroy the infecting agent, confining the organism to an area, to repair damaged areas.

Question 18

14. Fever

Answer 18

A. abnormally high body temp as a result of an infection

B. Stimulated by the hypothalamus after detecting Interleukin 1 from phagocytes.

Question 19

15. Complement

Answer 19

A. a series of 20 proteins in the blood
B. Each of the 20 has a specific function which helps to increase the response time o the body’s defense.
C. may stimulate cytolysis, inflammation or opsonization (coating a pathogen to allow phagocytes to adhere easier.

Question 20

16. Interferon (IFN)

Answer 20

produced by viral infected body cells, when released it stimulates neighboring body cells to create anti-viral proteins which will prevent viral replication.