CH. 17

Question 1

Antigens

Answer 1

are large polysaccharide/protein molecules located on the pathogen.

Question 2

What are examples of foreign antigens NOT found on microbes?

Answer 2

Transplanted cells and Pollen

Question 3

What region of the antigen will antibodies react with?

Answer 3

Epitopes

Question 4

What are the 2 areas that are formed from heavy and light molecular chains?

Answer 4

Antigen Binding Sites

Question 5

What are the classes of Antibodies? (immunoglobulin or Ig)

Answer 5

IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE

Question 6

IgG

Answer 6

80% of antibodies in blood serum, can cross the placenta to the fetus, and provides protection against bacteria and viruses.

Question 7

IgM

Answer 7

antibodies of the ABO blood typing system.

Question 8

IgA

Answer 8

body fluids like mucus, saliva, and breast milk which prevents attachment of microbes.

Question 9

IgD

Answer 9

found in blood, lymph and on surface of B cells.

Question 10

IgE

Answer 10

Create an allergic reaction by causing the release of chemical like histamine and prostaglandins.

Question 11

What is antibody mediated (humoral) immunity?

Answer 11

The production of antibodies that are maintained in the blood, lymph and mucus.
It is most effective against bacteria/bacterial toxins and viruses.

Question 12

What are the general steps of antibody formation?

Answer 12

1. T cells recognize foreign antigens and release cytokines to stimulate B cells.
2. B cell becomes an antigen presenting cell. (displays parts of foreign antigen on surface)
3. B cells specialize into plasma cells that produce antibodies against the foreign antigen.
4. Antibody will neutralize bacterial toxins, attack cilia, or flagella to immobilize, cause agglutination for ease in phagocytosis.

Question 13

What is cell mediated immunity?

Answer 13

A. It is regulated by WBC called a T cell.

B. Effective against bacteria and viruses in stationary tissue as well as protozoans, and helminths.

Question 14

What are the general steps of cell mediated immunity?

Answer 14

1. T cells enlarge and proliferate.
2. The new cells will differentiate into:
   A. Helper T cells
   B. Cytotoxic T cells
   C. Memory T cells

Question 15

What are Helper T cells?

Answer 15

Stimulated by foreign antigens and interleukin secreted by macrophages, some can produce interleukin II

Question 16

What are Cytotoxic T cells?

Answer 16

Recognize foreign antigens on APCs of the body- will attack cells to destroy the pathogen.

Question 17

What are Memory T cells?

Answer 17

In event of invasion by the SAME pathogen, immune responses will occur much faster.

Question 18

What are the 4 types of adaptive immunity?

Answer 18

1. Naturally Acquired Active Immunity
2. Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity
3. Artificially Acquired Active Immunity
4. Artificially Acquired Passive immunity

Question 19

Naturally Acquired Active Immunity

Answer 19

a. Exposure to foreign pathogen in day to day activities.

b. Long term because of production of antibodies and memory cells.

Question 20

Naturally Acquired Passive Immunity

Answer 20

a. Transfer of antibodies from mother to fetus through placenta
b. only effective as long as antibodies are present and functional.

Question 21

Artificially Acquired Active Immunity

Answer 21

a. Result of vaccination of bacterial toxin, dead, weakened pathogen.
b. Body forms antibodies that result memory cells.

Question 22

Artificially Acquired Passive Immunity

Answer 22

a. introduction of antibodies from another animal

b. serum injected into recipient called Gamma Globulin (short term)