CH. 14 Principles of Epidemiology

Question 1

Pathology

Answer 1

study of how a disease develops.

Question 2

Etiology

Answer 2

the study of a cause of a disease.

Question 3

Pathogenisis

Answer 3

manner in which a disease develops.

Question 4

Infection

Answer 4

an invasion by a pathogenic organism.

Question 5

Disease

Answer 5

disruption in homeostasis.

Question 6

Define: Normal Microbiota (flora)

-What was the first exposure?

Answer 6

established in and on the body but do not cause diseases under normal circumstances.
-in utero (non normal flora state)

Question 7

Normal Microbiota (flora)
1st Exposure:
2nd Exposure:
3rd Exposure:

Answer 7

1st: Birth
2nd: First breath
3rd: First Meal

Question 8

What is Microbial Antagonism?

Answer 8

normal flora prevents the growth of harmful or unwanted bacteria.

Question 9

Relationships to Host (RtH)

Symbiosis:

Answer 9

refers to relationship between normal flora and the host.

Question 10

(RtH)

Commensalism:

Answer 10

one organism benefits, the other is unaffected.

Question 11

(RtH)

Mutualism:

Answer 11

both organisms benefit

Question 12

(RtH)

Parasitism:

Answer 12

one benefits the other is harmed.

Question 13

(RtH)

Opportunistic Pathogens:

Answer 13

does not cause a disease in its area of the body, but will under the right circumstances.

Question 14

Etiology

What is Koch’s Postulates?

Answer 14

1. Same pathogen must be present in every case of disease.
2. Pathogen must be isolated from the host and grown in pure culture.
3. Pathogen from the pure culture must be inoculated into a healthy specimen.
4. Pathogen must be isolated from the specimen and identified as the original organism.

*Exceptions: Syphilis, Leprosy, and viral agents will not replicate artificial media, must be grown in cells.

Question 15

Symptoms:

Answer 15

are subjective and can only be felt by patient.

ex. pain

Question 16

Signs:

Answer 16

Objective and can be measured.

ex. take temperature

Question 17

Syndrome:

Answer 17

of a disease are all signs and symptoms

Question 18

Communicable Disease:

Answer 18

disease that spreads from host to host either directly or indirectly.

Question 19

Contagious Disease:

Answer 19

disease that spreads easily.

Question 20

Non-communicable Disease:

Answer 20

do not spread between host must be introduced.

Question 21

Incidence:
&
Prevelance:

Answer 21

-refers to the # of people in a population that develop a disease in a given length of time.
(Spread of a disease)
-refers to the # of people who develop a disease regardless of time frame.
(both old and new cases) (how long was disease in population)

Question 22

Sporadic:

Endemic Disease:

Epidemic Disease:

Pandemic:

Answer 22

Sporadic: a disease that occurs occasionally.

Endemic: constantly present in a population.

Epidemic: many people in an area develop a disease in a short period of time.

Pandemic: a world wide epidemic.

Question 23

Acute:

Chronic:

Latent:

*Herd Immunity:

Answer 23

Acute: comes fast, short lived. (flu)

Chronic: develops slowly and are long lasting.

Latent: lays dormant in your body.

Herd Immunity: an increase in the # of immune people in a community. Vaccinations.

Question 24

Local Infection:

Systemic Infection:

Focal Infection:

Answer 24

• Microbes are limited to a specific area. (puss)
• Spread throughout entire body. (measles)
• Local infection that has spread and settled in an another place in body.

Question 25

Bacteremia:

Septicemia:

Viremia:

Answer 25

• bacteria in the blood
• microbes multiply in the blood
• viruses in blood

Question 26

Primary infection:

Secondary Infection:

*Predisposing Factors:

Answer 26

• what caused your illness
• caused by opportunistic pathogen

-factor that makes someone more susceptible
gender; age; climate; nutrition

Question 27

Development of Disease
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Answer 27

1. Incubation Period: time from exposure and the first signs and symptoms.
2. Prodromal Period: mild symptoms for a short period of time.
3. Illness: signs and symptoms are evident
4. Decline: signs and symptoms are lessened. however, volnuerable to secondary infection.
5. Convalescence: body regains strength.

Question 28

Spread of Infection

Reservoirs:

Living Reservoirs:

Non living:

Answer 28

-living or inanimate object that provides a pathogen with adequate living conditions.

-humans
Carrier: without signs or symptoms.
Animals: Zoonoses- transferred to humans

• Soil: fungi
  water: fecae