CH. 19 Disorders Associated with the Immune System Flashcards
Hypersensitivity:
antigen response beyond normal. aka: allergy
Allergen:
antigen that caused the immune response.
What are the four types of hypersensitive reactions?
Anaphylactic, Cytotoxic, Immune Complex, and Cell Mediated.
- Anaphylactic Reactions
occurs 2-30 minutes after a person has been exposed.
Systemic:
produce shock and breathing problems, may be fatal.
Local:
have fever and hives.
What causes a common allergic reaction?
antibodies bind to mast cells and basophils, the cells release histamines.
What do Leukotrienes and prostaglandins cause once they are released?
Leakotrienes: cause spasms of the smooth muscle in the respiratory tract.
Protaglandins: increase mucus production.
What is the response called that these chemicals create?
Chemotaxic response
Systemic Reaction (anaphylactic shock)?
occurs when a person is introduced to an antigen a second time
BP drops causing shock
Death may occur quickly
Local Reaction
associated with antigens that are ingested or inhaled
A local reaction involves cells from where?
mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract.
A. pollen spores, feces of dust mites, animal dander
Treated with antihistamines.
Food intolerances:
antigens that enter through the digestive tract.
cause: diarrhea
What are 97% of food allergies caused by?
eggs, peanuts, tree grown nuts, milk, soy, fish, wheat, and peas.
What are sulfites for?
preserve food and cause allergies.
In prevention what is desensitization?
a series of injections of small amounts of the antigen under the skin in hopes that IgG antibodies will be forms to stop the IgEs from creating a response.
- What is a Cytotoxic Reaction?
Stimulates the activation of the complement system causing the effected cell to lyse.
When does this cytotoxic reaction occur?
Type of reaction created when an incorrect blood type is given or Rh factors are not compatible.
- What is an Immune Complex Reaction?
For when there is a specific ratio of antigens to antibodies.
What do Immune Complex Reactions target?
Target the basement membrane beneath the cells of vessels causing an inflammatory reaction.
Filtration units of the kidneys are attacked:
Glomerulonephritis
- What is Cell Mediated Reactions?
created by T cells a day or more after exposure.
antigen caused T cells to divide and create memory cells.
Where are the symptoms found in cell mediated reactions?
on the skin.
ie. poison ivy, jewelry and cosmetics, latex
Autoimmune Diseases:
occurs when there is a loss of self tolerance (ability to discriminate between self and non-self)
A. Autoimmunity:
occurs when the antibodies attack “self”
B. Cytotoxic:
antibodies react with antigens on the surface of cells as seen with over active thyroid conditions.
C. Immune complex:
antibodies target certain components of patient’s cells as in lupus, rheumatoid arthritis.
May destroy the glomeruli of the kidneys
D. Cell mediated
T cells and macrophages attack cells ie. multiple sclerosis and insulin dependent diabetes.
