Micro/Path Vaccines Flashcards
The only adjuvants approved for use in human viruses are:
a. Freund’s complete adjuvant and Alum
b. Freund’s complete adjuvant and MF59
c. Immune stimulatory complexes (ISCOMs) and Alum
d. Alum and MF59
d.Alum and MF59
A prerequisite for good immune response is a state of
inflammation
to work effectively vaccinations must also create a state of inflammation at the site in the body where the antigens are injected. In general, immunization with purified protein antigens leads to a good/feeble immune response
feeble (lacking physical strength, faint)
a response to purified protein antigens can be enhanced by substances that induce inflammation by antigen independent mechanisms. these substances are called
adjuvants
in EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY, the most effective adjuvant is?
Freund’s complete adjuvant
although many substances are preps are known to be adjuvants, the only adjuvants for use in human vaccines are ___ = a form of aluminum hydroxide, and an emulsion of squalene, oil, and water called ___
alum, MF59 (think Motherfuckin 59 cuz its not 69)
bc vaccines are given to large numbers of healthy pp the safety standards for vaccines are high and do not tolerate the side effects of the ___potent adjuvants
most potent
the use of adjuvants eliminates the need for:
- ____booster doses of the antigen
- permits the use of ___ doses of the antigen in the vaccine
1 repeated
2. smaller
- both Alum and MF59 (squalene-oil-water emulsion) mechanism of action is to __ the release of the antigen
- Alum (aluminum hydroxide) has an additional mechanism of action what is it
- DELAY
2. it enhances macrophage uptake
A bacterial toxin that has been weakened until it is no longer toxic but is strong enough to induce the formation of antibodies and immunity to the specific disease caused by the toxin is called a/an:
a. antitioxin
b. antivenin
c. antiserum
d. toxoid
d. toxoid
a toxoid is a BACTERIAL TOXIN whose toxicity has been ___ or __ by either chemical (formaldehyde) or heat treatment
weakened or destroyed
NOTE! TOXOID IS A BACTERIAL TOXIN, NOT VIRUS ETC
although toxoids have lost their properties they still have their
immunogenicity, therefore they are able to induce the production of specific antitoxin antibodies
toxoid vaccines are usually administered with an __ and are useful against what diseases?
adjuvant, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and other diseases
Antitoxin is an antibody formed in response to a specific toxin. it can be used for either the treatment or prevention of certain __ diseases
bacterial
the antitoxin can ___ a bound/unbound toxin to prevent the disease from progressing
neutralize an UNBOUND
tetanus antitoxin is used in treatment/prevention (prophylaxis) of tetanus?
both. remember, antitoxins are used in both prevention and treatment
prophylaxis is
action taken to prevent disease, especially by specified means or against a specified disease.
disadvantage with inactivated vaccines (toxoid vaccines)?
they do not produce a full immune response
- immune globulins refer to antibodies used in __- immunization (passive/active)
- toxoids are used to induce__- immunization (passive/active)
- passive
2. active
- ___ is the fluid component of clotted blood from an immune individual that contains antibodies against a given antigen.
- __ is a material used to neutralize the venom of a poisonous animal. prepared by immunization of serum producing animals, usually ___
- Antiserum
2. horses
Human HBIG to prevent hepatitis B in those not actively immunized with the Hep B vaccine is an example of?
a. naturally acquired passive immunity
b. naturally acquired active immunity
c. artificially acquired passive immunity
d. artificially acquired active immunity
artificially acquired passive immunity
acquired (protective) immunity occurs both naturally and artificially and it can be passive or active. T/F
true
antibodies passed from mother to fetus during pregnancy are which ones and an example of?
a. naturally acquired passive immunity
b. naturally acquired active immunity
c. artificially acquired passive immunity
d. artificially acquired active immunity
IgG
naturally acquired passive immunity
antibodies passed from mother to newborn during breast feeding are which ones and an example of?
a. naturally acquired passive immunity
b. naturally acquired active immunity
c. artificially acquired passive immunity
d. artificially acquired active immunity
naturally acquired passive immunity
Gamma globulins are a class of globulins, identified by their position after serum protein electrophoresis. The most significant gamma globulins are ___, a subclass of which are antibodies, although some Igs are not gamma globulins, and some gamma globulins are not Igs.
immunoglobulins (“Igs”),
A gamma globulin injection is an example of which kind of immunity
a. naturally acquired passive immunity
b. naturally acquired active immunity
c. artificially acquired passive immunity
d. artificially acquired active immunity
artificially acquired passive immunity
just like injection of immune serum
Gamma globulin injections are usually given in an attempt to___a patient’s immunity against disease
temporarily boost
why is it that some pathogens such as measles virus, one full blown infection can provide immunity for decades but some like influenza the effect is more short lived
NOT bc immunological memory is faulty, but because the influenza virus changes on yearly basis to escape the immunity acquired by human hosts.
a virus changes what proteins to escape the immunity acquired by human hosts (become a different strain)
hemaggglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) proteins
acquired/adaptive immunity is stored in what cells
memory B and T cells
the purpose of the __ and ___ vaccine (aritificially acquired active immunity) is to elicit an immune response BEFORE the onset of disease. the effectiveness of this type of vaccine depends on the SLOW development of the infection pathogen prior to the onset of disease symptoms and the ability of the vaccine to initiate antibody production BEFORE the active toxins are produced and released to the site where they can cause serious disease symptoms.
tetanus and rabies
so, the antibodies are made faster than the infecting pathogen!!!
- attenuated/inactivated vaccine is a vaccine created by reducing the virulence of a pathogen, but still keeping it viable (or “live”).
- Attenuation takes an infectious agent and alters it so that it becomes harmless or less virulent. These vaccines contrast to those produced by “killing” the virus (____).
- attenuated
2. inactivated vaccine = dead
all of the following are attenuated viruses except:
yellow fever, measles, rabies, mumps, rubella
mnemonic: RIP ALWAYS: inactivated viruses:
Rabies, Influenza, Polio (Salk Oral), HAV
Live! One night only! Small yellow chickens & Sabins MMR! = attenuated = small pox, yellow fever, chickenpox (VZV), Polio (Sabin-IV), Hep A Virus
Answer: Rabies
vaccines can either contain attenuated live virus (decreased virulence) or an inactivated virus T/F
True
can an inactivated vaccine produce the disease
No, it is no longer capable of producing disease but still retains the immunogenicity of the live virus.
which vaccines are more effective: live attenuated or inactivated (dead)?
live are more effective bc they illicit all the innate and adaptive immune responses that the live virus would
passive-active immunity means
giving both immune globulins to provide immediate protection and a vaccine to provide long term protection
persons vaccinated against hepatitis B virus will have developed immunity to what other virus
HDV.
- HDV is an RNA/DNA virus that is incapable of completing its own replication within infected hosts
- it requires and uses excess ___ molecules from an existing or concurrent hepatitis B virus infection as its major capsid protein
- as a result HDV is often referred to as a __ of HBV
- RNA (only HBV is DNA)
- Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)
- parasite
when a person is immune against Hep B, HBV replication does not occur and HBsAg is
undetectable
the most infectious blood borne pathogen is ___. therefore the development and implementation of universal and now standard infection control recommendations and regulations continue to use THIS DNA virus as their primary occupational bloodborne target
HBV
Pancarditis -
inflammation of the entire heart (the epicardium and the myocardium and the endocardium
Anitschkow cells
in pp with Rheumatic fever (RF) inside Aschoff bodies. they are activated macrophages.
After an initial attack there is increased vulnerability to reactivation of the disease with subsequent pharyngeal infections therefore damage to valves from RF is ___
cumulative = clinical manifestations appear years or even decades after initial episode of RF.
Cardiac hypertrophy dilation, murmurs, heart failure, arrhythmias, thromboembolic complications and infective endocarditis are clinical manifestations of
RF
the cardinal anatomic changes of the ___valve in chronic Rheumatic Heart Disease are leaflet thickening, commissural fusion and shortening and thickening and fusion of the tendinous cords
mitral
