Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NBDE PART 1 MICRO/PATH > Micro/Path Vaccines > Flashcards

Micro/Path Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

The only adjuvants approved for use in human viruses are:

a. Freund’s complete adjuvant and Alum
b. Freund’s complete adjuvant and MF59
c. Immune stimulatory complexes (ISCOMs) and Alum
d. Alum and MF59

A

d.Alum and MF59

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

A prerequisite for good immune response is a state of

A

inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

to work effectively vaccinations must also create a state of inflammation at the site in the body where the antigens are injected. In general, immunization with purified protein antigens leads to a good/feeble immune response

A

feeble (lacking physical strength, faint)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

a response to purified protein antigens can be enhanced by substances that induce inflammation by antigen independent mechanisms. these substances are called

A

adjuvants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

in EXPERIMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY, the most effective adjuvant is?

A

Freund’s complete adjuvant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

although many substances are preps are known to be adjuvants, the only adjuvants for use in human vaccines are ___ = a form of aluminum hydroxide, and an emulsion of squalene, oil, and water called ___

A

alum, MF59 (think Motherfuckin 59 cuz its not 69)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

bc vaccines are given to large numbers of healthy pp the safety standards for vaccines are high and do not tolerate the side effects of the ___potent adjuvants

A

most potent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

the use of adjuvants eliminates the need for:

  1. ____booster doses of the antigen
  2. permits the use of ___ doses of the antigen in the vaccine
A

1 repeated

2. smaller

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q
  1. both Alum and MF59 (squalene-oil-water emulsion) mechanism of action is to __ the release of the antigen
  2. Alum (aluminum hydroxide) has an additional mechanism of action what is it
A
  1. DELAY

2. it enhances macrophage uptake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

A bacterial toxin that has been weakened until it is no longer toxic but is strong enough to induce the formation of antibodies and immunity to the specific disease caused by the toxin is called a/an:

a. antitioxin
b. antivenin
c. antiserum
d. toxoid

A

d. toxoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

a toxoid is a BACTERIAL TOXIN whose toxicity has been ___ or __ by either chemical (formaldehyde) or heat treatment

A

weakened or destroyed

NOTE! TOXOID IS A BACTERIAL TOXIN, NOT VIRUS ETC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

although toxoids have lost their properties they still have their

A

immunogenicity, therefore they are able to induce the production of specific antitoxin antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

toxoid vaccines are usually administered with an __ and are useful against what diseases?

A

adjuvant, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, and other diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Antitoxin is an antibody formed in response to a specific toxin. it can be used for either the treatment or prevention of certain __ diseases

A

bacterial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

the antitoxin can ___ a bound/unbound toxin to prevent the disease from progressing

A

neutralize an UNBOUND

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

tetanus antitoxin is used in treatment/prevention (prophylaxis) of tetanus?

A

both. remember, antitoxins are used in both prevention and treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

prophylaxis is

A

action taken to prevent disease, especially by specified means or against a specified disease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

disadvantage with inactivated vaccines (toxoid vaccines)?

A

they do not produce a full immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q
  1. immune globulins refer to antibodies used in __- immunization (passive/active)
  2. toxoids are used to induce__- immunization (passive/active)
A
  1. passive

2. active

20
Q
  1. ___ is the fluid component of clotted blood from an immune individual that contains antibodies against a given antigen.
  2. __ is a material used to neutralize the venom of a poisonous animal. prepared by immunization of serum producing animals, usually ___
A
  1. Antiserum

2. horses

21
Q

Human HBIG to prevent hepatitis B in those not actively immunized with the Hep B vaccine is an example of?

a. naturally acquired passive immunity
b. naturally acquired active immunity
c. artificially acquired passive immunity
d. artificially acquired active immunity

A

artificially acquired passive immunity

22
Q

acquired (protective) immunity occurs both naturally and artificially and it can be passive or active. T/F

A

true

23
Q

antibodies passed from mother to fetus during pregnancy are which ones and an example of?

a. naturally acquired passive immunity
b. naturally acquired active immunity
c. artificially acquired passive immunity
d. artificially acquired active immunity

A

IgG

naturally acquired passive immunity

24
Q

antibodies passed from mother to newborn during breast feeding are which ones and an example of?

a. naturally acquired passive immunity
b. naturally acquired active immunity
c. artificially acquired passive immunity
d. artificially acquired active immunity

A

naturally acquired passive immunity

25
Q

Gamma globulins are a class of globulins, identified by their position after serum protein electrophoresis. The most significant gamma globulins are ___, a subclass of which are antibodies, although some Igs are not gamma globulins, and some gamma globulins are not Igs.

A

immunoglobulins (“Igs”),

26
Q

A gamma globulin injection is an example of which kind of immunity

a. naturally acquired passive immunity
b. naturally acquired active immunity
c. artificially acquired passive immunity
d. artificially acquired active immunity

A

artificially acquired passive immunity

just like injection of immune serum

27
Q

Gamma globulin injections are usually given in an attempt to___a patient’s immunity against disease

A

temporarily boost

28
Q

why is it that some pathogens such as measles virus, one full blown infection can provide immunity for decades but some like influenza the effect is more short lived

A

NOT bc immunological memory is faulty, but because the influenza virus changes on yearly basis to escape the immunity acquired by human hosts.

29
Q

a virus changes what proteins to escape the immunity acquired by human hosts (become a different strain)

A

hemaggglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) proteins

30
Q

acquired/adaptive immunity is stored in what cells

A

memory B and T cells

31
Q

the purpose of the __ and ___ vaccine (aritificially acquired active immunity) is to elicit an immune response BEFORE the onset of disease. the effectiveness of this type of vaccine depends on the SLOW development of the infection pathogen prior to the onset of disease symptoms and the ability of the vaccine to initiate antibody production BEFORE the active toxins are produced and released to the site where they can cause serious disease symptoms.

A

tetanus and rabies

so, the antibodies are made faster than the infecting pathogen!!!

32
Q
  1. attenuated/inactivated vaccine is a vaccine created by reducing the virulence of a pathogen, but still keeping it viable (or “live”).
  2. Attenuation takes an infectious agent and alters it so that it becomes harmless or less virulent. These vaccines contrast to those produced by “killing” the virus (____).
A
  1. attenuated

2. inactivated vaccine = dead

33
Q

all of the following are attenuated viruses except:

yellow fever, measles, rabies, mumps, rubella

A

mnemonic: RIP ALWAYS: inactivated viruses:
Rabies, Influenza, Polio (Salk Oral), HAV

Live! One night only! Small yellow chickens & Sabins MMR! = attenuated = small pox, yellow fever, chickenpox (VZV), Polio (Sabin-IV), Hep A Virus

Answer: Rabies

34
Q

vaccines can either contain attenuated live virus (decreased virulence) or an inactivated virus T/F

A

True

35
Q

can an inactivated vaccine produce the disease

A

No, it is no longer capable of producing disease but still retains the immunogenicity of the live virus.

36
Q

which vaccines are more effective: live attenuated or inactivated (dead)?

A

live are more effective bc they illicit all the innate and adaptive immune responses that the live virus would

37
Q

passive-active immunity means

A

giving both immune globulins to provide immediate protection and a vaccine to provide long term protection

38
Q

persons vaccinated against hepatitis B virus will have developed immunity to what other virus

A

HDV.

39
Q
  1. HDV is an RNA/DNA virus that is incapable of completing its own replication within infected hosts
  2. it requires and uses excess ___ molecules from an existing or concurrent hepatitis B virus infection as its major capsid protein
  3. as a result HDV is often referred to as a __ of HBV
A
  1. RNA (only HBV is DNA)
  2. Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)
  3. parasite
40
Q

when a person is immune against Hep B, HBV replication does not occur and HBsAg is

A

undetectable

41
Q

the most infectious blood borne pathogen is ___. therefore the development and implementation of universal and now standard infection control recommendations and regulations continue to use THIS DNA virus as their primary occupational bloodborne target

A

HBV

42
Q

Pancarditis -

A

inflammation of the entire heart (the epicardium and the myocardium and the endocardium

43
Q

Anitschkow cells

A

in pp with Rheumatic fever (RF) inside Aschoff bodies. they are activated macrophages.

44
Q

After an initial attack there is increased vulnerability to reactivation of the disease with subsequent pharyngeal infections therefore damage to valves from RF is ___

A

cumulative = clinical manifestations appear years or even decades after initial episode of RF.

45
Q

Cardiac hypertrophy dilation, murmurs, heart failure, arrhythmias, thromboembolic complications and infective endocarditis are clinical manifestations of

A

RF

46
Q

the cardinal anatomic changes of the ___valve in chronic Rheumatic Heart Disease are leaflet thickening, commissural fusion and shortening and thickening and fusion of the tendinous cords

A

mitral

NBDE PART 1 MICRO/PATH (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions