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NBDE PART 1 MICRO/PATH > Micro/Path: Syndromes > Flashcards

Micro/Path: Syndromes Flashcards

1
Q

which malabsorption syndrome is caused by a sensitivity to gluten in cereal:

a. tropical sprue
b. celiac disease
c. whipple disease
d. autoimmune enteropathy

A

b. celiac disease = THINK CEREAL = CELIAC

malabsorption = defective absorption of fats, proteins, carbs, minerals, electrolytes, all vitamins and water

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2
Q

malabsorption presents most commonly as

A

chronic diarrhea

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3
Q

malabsorption = defective absorption of fats, proteins, carbs, minerals, electrolytes, all vitamins and water
___ malabsorption can be accompanied by weight loss, anorexia, abdominal distention, borboygmi, and muscle wasting.

A

chronic

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4
Q

rumbling or gurgling noise made by the movement of fluid and gas in the intestines

A

borboygmi

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5
Q

steatorrhea is a hallmark of? what is it?

A

hallmark of malabsorption = excessive fecal fat and bulky, frothy, dreasy yellow or clay colored stools

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6
Q

what is damaged in the celiac disease as a result of ingestion of gluten

A

the mucosal lining of the small intestine is damaged

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7
Q

how long a person was breastfed plays a role in how celiac disease appears. The longer someone was breastfed, the __ the symptoms appear, and the more atypical the symptoms

A

longer

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8
Q

celiac disease can be fatal to __adults/children?

why?

A

adults

b/c can develop lymphoma in the intestine

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9
Q

____ = cause is unknown but may be related to infectious organism. the condition affects residents/visitors to the tropics. symptoms include DIARRHEA, weight loss, steatorrhea, sore tongue from Vitamin B deficiency.

A

Tropical sprue

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10
Q

Tropical sprue treatment

A

Tetracycline for up to 6 months

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11
Q

a systemic bacterial illness affecting middle age men and presents diarrhea anemia, arthritis fever weight loss swollen lymph nodes and skin pigmentation. it is diagnosed by taking a small bowel biopsy through an endoscope and the treatment is antibiotics for one year or longer.

A

Whipple disease = Tropheryma whippelii

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12
Q
  1. skin pigmentation due to endocrine problem?

2. skin pigmentation due to bacterial illness?

A
  1. Addison’s disease

2. Whipple disease

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13
Q

is a rare X-linked disorder characterized by severe and persistent diarrhea and autoimmune disease that occurs most often in young children

A

Autoimmune enteropathy

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14
Q

Abetalipoproteinemia: rare autosomal __ disease characterized by an inability to secrete ___. caused by a mutation in microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) that catalyzes transport of triglycerides, cholesterol esters, and phospholipids

A

recessive, triglyceride rich lipoproteins

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15
Q

Crohn’s disease is a __ inflammation that may affect any part of GI tract but has tendency to affect the? major symptoms are diarrhea, abdominal pain and weight loss. may have fever, malaise lethargy anorexia nausea, vomiting and low grade fever

A

chronic

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16
Q

seborrheic dermatitis
nervous disorders
can be induced by avidin

A

Biotin

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17
Q

Avidin

A
  1. is a biotin-binding protein produced in the oviducts of birds, reptiles and amphibians and deposited in the whites of their eggs = mnemonic: avid in egg whites avidly binds biotin
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18
Q

Functional avidin is found only in raw/cooked egg,

A

raw
biotin avidity of the protein is destroyed by cooking
if you eat too many raw eggs you can become biotin deficient

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19
Q

how was avidin discovered?

A

The route to discovery began with the observation that chicks on a diet of raw egg-white were deficient in biotin, despite availability of the vitamin in their diet

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20
Q

how is avidin impt in research

A

Research in the 1970s helped establish the avidin-biotin system as a powerful tool in biological sciences. Aware of the strength and specificity of the avidin-biotin complex, researchers began to exploit avidin and streptavidin as probes and affinity matrices in numerous research projects. Avidin’s affinity for biotin is exploited in wide-ranging biochemical assays, including western blot, ELISA, ELISPOT and pull-down assays

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21
Q

which vitamin deficiencies can cause anemia?

A

Folic acid, B6 pyridoxine, and B12 cobalamine

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22
Q

which vitamin deficiencies cause microcytic anemia?

A

B6 (pyridoxine)

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23
Q
  1. Seborrheic dermatitis is a chronic, relapsing and usually mild dermatitis. In infants seborrheic dermatitis is called __
  2. caused by deficiency in
A

cradle cap

biotin (B8)

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24
Q
  1. D2
  2. D3
  3. storage form of vit D
  4. active form?
A
  1. D2 = ergocalciferol = consumed in milk
  2. D3 = cholecalciferol = from sun exposed skin
  3. 25 (OH) D3 = storage form
  4. 1, 25 (OH)2 D3 = active form
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25
Q

the absorption of fat or water soluble vitamins is affected the most in malabsorption disorders

A

fat (ADEK), think of it, because we don’t store water soluble so they are not affected AS much

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26
Q

Vitamin B12 malabsorption occurs in which kind of anemia

A

pernicious anemia due to the absence of intrinsic factor

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27
Q

vitamin __ malabsorption also occurs in Crohn’s Disease

A

Vitamin B12

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28
Q

which characterized by presence of numerous polyps along with skin and bone tumors

a. turcot’s syndrome
b. gardner’s syndrome
c. peutz-jeghers syndrome
d. familial adenomatous polyposis

A

gardner’s syndrome

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29
Q

a mass of mucosal surface protruding into the lumen of the bowel is called

A

a GI polyp

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30
Q

Familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP):

  1. caused by the absence of ___
  2. autosomal __
  3. numerous adenomatous polyps so the risk of malignant transformation is __%
A

FAP
1. APC (tumor suppressor gene) think AP is also in the name
2. dominant
3. 100
to remember dominant, think if it running in the family it is dominant

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31
Q
  1. Garner’s Syndrome is a __syndrome that can affect the __
  2. autosomal __
  3. it is different than the other polyposis syndromes in that it?
  4. dental affect?
  5. numerous adenomatous polyps so the risk of malignant transformation is __%
A
  1. polyposis, GI (think Gardner = G = for GI)
  2. dominant (think the Gardner dominates his garden)
  3. it also causes skin and bone tumors.
  4. Supernumerary teeth are common
  5. 100
  • to remember: think he’s a Gardner, G = for GI, he plants a lot of polyps, so he has skin and bone tumors, and more teeth than he can count, malignant, and he dominates his garden
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32
Q

Peutz-Jegher’s syndrome is also a polyposis syndrome:

  1. ausomal __
  2. characterized by __ polyps of the colon and small intestine (especially the jejunum)
  3. characterized by what dental?
  4. do the polyps have a risk of malignant transformation?
  5. syndrome is associated with increased risk of
A
  1. dominant
  2. hamartomatous (non-neoplastic)
  3. melanin pigmentation in the mouth and on the lips, hands and genitalia
  4. no malignant potential
  5. adenocarcinoma of the colon, malignancy at other sites, such as stomach, breast, lung, ovaries
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33
Q

most frequently occurring chromosomal disorder is

A

Down Syndrome

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34
Q

SS-A (anti-Ro) and SS-B (anti-La) are antibodies found in

A

Sjogrens

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35
Q

Sjogrens more common in men or women

A

women

36
Q

sicca complex

A

diminished lacrimal and salivary gland secretion

37
Q

__ Sjogrens syndrome occurs by itself

A

primary

38
Q

___Sjogrens syndrome results from a rheumatic condition

A

secondary

39
Q

triad of findings in Sjogrens

A

keratoconjunctivitis sicca (dry eyes)
xerostomia (dry mouth)
associated CT disease (usually RA)

40
Q

do all 3 of the triad of findings in Sjogrens usually occur in the patient with the syndrome?

A

no that RARELY occurs

41
Q

how many of the triad of findings in Sjogrens has to be present to diagnose patient with it

A

at least TWO have to be present

42
Q

Mikulicz’s Syndrome is

A

when there is so much lymphocytic infiltrate into the salivary glands that it causes an enlargement of the salivary glands in Sjogrens. so it is Sjogrens but with enlarged salivary glands

43
Q

people with Sjogrens have an increased risk of malignant ____

A

lymphoma

(think foaming of saliva =lymphoma) think lymph infiltrating there

44
Q

Chvostek’s sign and Trousseau’s sign are reliable indicators of

A

tetany

45
Q

tetany is a __ syndrome

A

neurological = muscle twitches, cramps, carpopedal spasm = stiffness of jaws,

46
Q

when tetany is severe, __ develop

A

seizures and laryngospasm = the vocal cords suddenly seize up, blocking the flow of air into the lungs = an uncontrolled/involuntary muscular contraction (spasm) of the laryngeal cords. also severe spasms of abdomen neck and back muscles

47
Q

Acute hypocalcemia in the human being ordinarily causes NO OTHER significant effect besides ___

A

tetany - bc tetany kills the patient before other effects can develop

48
Q

tetanus toxin enters the CNS along the __ nerves

A

peripheral nerves ==»»»to the CNS

49
Q

tetanus incubation period

A

5-10 days

50
Q

RISUS SARDONICUS

A

fixed “smile” and elevated eyebrows

51
Q

tetany usually occurs when the blood calcium concentration has reached __%

A

6% (normal is 10%).

52
Q

tetany is LETHAL when the blood calcium concentration has reached __%

A

4%

53
Q

___ a clinical sign of existing nerve hyperexcitability (tetany) seen in hypocalcemia

A

The Chvostek sign

54
Q

to check for The Chvostek sign, we tap the ___ nerve above the mandibular angle adjacent to the earlobe. what do we look for to confirm that the patient has tetany?

A

we tap the facial nerve and if the patient’s facial muscle spasms and causes the patient’s upper lip to twitch - confirms tetany

55
Q

Trousseau’s sign = to check for this sign, we apply a ___ to the patients __.

A

blood pressure cuff to patients arm

56
Q

Trousseau’s sign = to check for this sign, we apply a blood pressure cuff to patients arm, a carpopedal spasm that causes the thumb to ___ and phalangeal ___ confirms tetany

A

thumb adduction and phalangeal extension = confirms tetany

57
Q

in which test do we check for a carpopedal spasm

A

Trousseau’s sign test

58
Q

in which test of tetany do we test the facial nerve

A

Chvostek sign

59
Q
  1. right sided heart failure leads to
  2. left sided heart failure leads to
    a. liver cirrhosis
    b. peripheral edema
    c. pulmonary edema
A
  1. peripheral edema

2. pulmonary edema

60
Q

anasarca

A

generalized edema

61
Q

hydrothorax

A

edema due to fluid in the pleural cavity

62
Q

hydrocephaly

A

accumulation of CSF in the cranial cavity

63
Q

hydropericardium

A

edema due to fluid in the pericardial cavity

64
Q

hydoperitoneum

A

edema due to fluid in the peritoneal cavity

65
Q
  1. non-inflammatory edema fluid that results from altered intravascular hydrostatic or osmotic pressure. low protein content and specific gravity less than 1.012
  2. edema fluid that results from increased vascular permeability caused BY INFLAMMATION. high protein content and specific gravity greater than 1.012
A
  1. transudate

2. exudate

66
Q
  1. Edema that is pitting (leaves indentation after you press on skin) is seen in acute/chronic disease?
  2. Edema that is non-pitting is seen in acute/chronic disease.
A
  1. acute

2. chronic

67
Q

Agonal thrombus forms in the ___ during process of ___ after prolonged heart failure

A

heart, dying (think agony)

68
Q

Mural thrombus forms as a result of damage to the ___, usually after a ___

A

Mural = ventricular endocardium damage (usually the left ventricle) following a myocardial infarct. Think M for mycocardial infarct

69
Q

A ___ thrombus is composed chiefly of blood platelets

A

white

70
Q

A _ thrombus formed rapidly by coagulation of stagnating blood composed of red blood cells rather than platelets

A

red

71
Q

__ thrombus formed by repeated deposits of fibrin in circulating blood and it usually DOES NOT completely occlude the vessel

A

fibrin

72
Q

a blood clot within an artery is

A

arterial thrombus

73
Q

___ thrombosis is responsible for heart attacks, strokes, and peripheral vascular disease (thrombosis in the leg arteries). usually affects pp who already have artherosclerosis

A

arterial thrombus

74
Q
  1. __ thrombus show alternating red and white laminations (lines of Zahn).
  2. __ thrombi are more uniformly red, lines less distinct
A
  1. arterial

2. venous

75
Q

Phlebitis is inflammation of the

A

veins

76
Q

Congestion is accumulation of

A

excess blood in BV

77
Q

Thrombolysis is the breaking up of a blood clot. __ is most commonly used to dissolve blood clots

A

streptokinase

78
Q

___ = blood clot that moves thru the bloodstream until it lodges in a narrow vessel and blocks circulation.

A

embolus

79
Q

most emboli are

A

thromboemboli

80
Q

initial, compensatory, progressive, and refractory are the stages of

A

shock

81
Q

3 categories of shock are hypovolemic, cardiogenic, and distributive shock. septic, neurogenic and anaphylactic shock are in which category

A

distributive

82
Q

most common type of shock is

A

hypovolemic

83
Q

rarest type of shock

A

neurogenic= loss of sympathetic tone

84
Q

toxic shock syndrome is an example of __ shock.

A

septic

85
Q

toxic shock syndrome is an invasion of gram +/- bacteria

A

+

NBDE PART 1 MICRO/PATH (20 decks)

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