MGMT Exam 2 - FLASHCARDS - Chapter 8
When TeJay started his new job, he found the step-by-step process for logging into the company server set forth in a laminated document by computer. What type of information is represented by this document?
Explicit
What term describes the practice of providing positive reinforcement every time an employee exhibits a desired behavior?
continuous reinforcement
What type of schedule is when reinforcement occurs at fixed time periods?
Fixed interval reinforcement
What type of reinforcement schedule is when reinforcement occurs at random periods of time?
Variable interval reinforement
What type of reinforcement schedule is when reinforcement occurs following a fixed number of desired behaviors?
Fixed ratio reinforcement
What type of reinforcement schedule is when behaviors are reinforced after a varying number of them have been exhibited?
Variable ratio reinforcement
What do employees engage in when they choose actions to solve a problem?
decision making
Mara has worked in her company’s office for many years and over time has learned who the best people are to talk to when certain issues arise. What type of knowledge does this represent?
Tacit
Which of the following is the best example of a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement?
You continue to feed quarters into a slot machine, not knowing when it’s going to pay off.
A salesperson receives a bonus for each sale made.
A factory worker is paid $.25 for every circuit board tested.
A parent gives a child $1.00 for each A on quarterly report cards.
You continue to feed quarters into a slot machine, not knowing when it’s going to pay off.
What process are dance students demonstrating when they repeat a dance step after watching their instructor perform it?
behavioral modeling
Alex is careful in filling out a monthly sales report correctly because he doesn’t want to be criticized for any errors he might make. What consequence influences Alex’s behavior?
negative reinforcement
A manager encouraged whistle-blowing by giving ethics awards, a form of ________; his replacement wants to discourage whistle-blowing and phases out the award program by giving fewer awards over time, a practice called
Positive reinforcement; extinction
Setting up an anonymous process for employees to report unethical behavior could be considered a(n)
antecedent
Dusty has been on the job only for a few days, but he has already learned while talking with his coworkers that using even mild curse words on the job is strictly frowned upon, so he has “cleaned up” his vocabulary. What term describes what Dusty did?
Behavioral modeling
Identify the reinforcement schedule under which new learning is most rapidly acquired?
Continuous reinforcemnt schedule
In which type of orientation is building competence more important than demonstrating competence?
Learning
What type of reinforcement schedule is this? At Rentals4You, agents get a bonus for every 5 apartments they show that are leased
Fixed ratio
What type of reinforcement schedule is this? At Mid-City Auto, the number of cars that agents need to sell during a quarter to earn a bonus often changes from quarter to quarter
Variable ratio
What type of reinforcement schedule is this? At Anne’s Design Shop, employees receive a paycheck on the 15th and the last day of every month
Fixed interval
What type of reinforcement schedule is this? At Samir’s Diner, the manager checks the cleanliness of the public restroom at random times during the day to make sure employees are keeping it clean
Variable interval
Which of the following emphasizes the importance of observing and modeling others’ behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions?
Social learning theory
What term describes decisions that become almost automatic because your knowledge allows you to recognize and identify the situation and the course of action?
Programmed
What is the order of the behavior modeling process?
- Attentional processes 2. Retention processes. 3. Production processes. 4. Reinforcement
Whenever the professor asks a question in class, Hermione’s hand is the first one in the air because she likes to show classmates just how much she knows about the subject. Hermione has a ______ orientation.
performance-prove
What type of reinforcement schedule is used when desired behaviors are reinforced at arbitrary points in time?
Variable interval
What type of decision has a “ready-made” solution because it has been resolved in the past?
Programmed
Setting up an anonymous process for employees to report unethical behavior could be considered a(n)
antecedent
How do people learn from others in their environment? What four things are necessary for proper learning to occur?
Social learning theory says people are able to learn from the experiences of others based on what they do and do not do and the consequences of those actions.
Behavior modeling requires four things for proper learning to occur: attentional processes, retention processes, production processes, reinforcement.
What are the three types of goal orientations?
Learning Orientation (learn something new)
Performance-Prove Orientation (for others to think positively about you)
Performance-Avoid Orientation (to avoid negative consequences)
What are the steps in the decision-making process? What are some assumptions related to the process?
- Determine appropriate criteria for decision making
- Generate list of available alternatives
- Evaluate the alternatives against the criteria
- Choose the solution that maximizes value
- Implement the appropriate solution
- Evaluate the solution
Assumptions:
- Perfect information
- Choose decision in rational, logical manner
- Acting in best interest of organization
- Analyze alternatives all at once and optimize solution
What are some problems with decision making?
Bounded rationality, satisficing, and escalation of commitment
What is the notion that people do not have the ability or resources to process all available information and alternatives when making a decision?
Bounded rationality
What is is when a decision maker chooses the first acceptable alternative considered?
Satisficing
What are the causes of faulty perception?
- Projection bias (The faulty perception by decision makers that others think, feel, and act the same way as they do).
2 Stereotyping - Availability and representativeness heuristics
- Leniency/Severity/Central Tendency
- Anchoring (Tendency to rely too heavily on one piece of information when making decisions even though it might be unreliable).
- Framing (tendency to make different decisions based on how a question or situation is phrased).
- Contrast
- Recency vs. First Impression
A team of managers meets to identify several ways to cut costs in order to make up the projected budget shortfall this financial quarter. What is this step according to the rational decision-making model?
generating a list of alternatives
What do learners exhibit when they concentrate on the important behaviors exhibited by a behavioral model?
Attentional process
Shimray is convinced that he can predict a job applicant’s future performance better through a 5-minute meeting than through evaluating pre-employment test scores or reference checks. What basis is Shimray using to make hiring decisions
Intuition
What is the best definition of satisficing?
choosing the first acceptable alternative considered
Whenever the professor asks a question in class, Matt looks anywhere in the classroom except at the professor so that she won’t call on him. He is afraid of giving a wrong answer and making a fool of himself in front of his classmates. What type of goal orientation is Matt demonstrating?
Performance avoid
What type of decisions address issues that are new, complex, or ill-defined?
Nonprogrammed
After a team of managers has brainstormed ways to cut costs, they discuss the potential impact of each suggestion and whether it would solve the problem. Which stage of the rational decision-making model is this?
Evaluating alternatives against the decision-making criteria
Juanita is surprised when a coworker makes a snide remark about the Democratic candidate in the mayoral race because she assumed that they had the same positive feelings about the candidate. What tendency does this exemplify?
Projection bias
What term describes the idea that people are unable to reach the optimal decision due to a lack of ability, time, and resources to process information and alternatives?
bounded rationality
Tyrone has a bumper sticker on his car that reads, “Iowa Hawkeyes Alumni - Be Loud, Be Proud!” and feels an immediate kinship with others who have graduated from the University of Iowa. What influence on perception does this demonstrate?
social identity theory
What name is given to the tendency to unconsciously assume that other people share your beliefs, attitudes, and values?
Projection bias
When Linda is deciding where to eat in an unfamiliar area, she counts the number trucks parked in the restaurant’s parking lot, because she has heard that truck drivers know all the good places to eat. What term describes this idea?
heuristic
What is the best definition of satisficing?
choosing the first acceptable alternative considered
What term refers to the tendency of decision makers to estimate the probability of something happening by how easily they can recall those events?
Availability bias
What tendency defines the fundamental attribution error?
believing that another person’s behavior is due to internal factors.
What are simple, efficient “rules of thumb” that we use to help us make decisions more easily?
heuristics
Which dimensions do we use to judge whether a person’s behavior was the result of internal or external elements
consensus
distinctiveness
consistency
Jacquie is bidding against several other people on an item at an auction. She knows the bid is already higher than what she originally wanted to pay, but she doesn’t want to give up, so she keeps bidding. What type of decision-making problem does this demonstrate?
escalation of commitment
When ground beef is advertised as “75% lean,” sales are higher than when it is advertised as “25% fat.” What decision-making bias does this demonstrate?
Framing
True or false: Companies that have a reputation as an organization that values learning tend to receive lower-quality job applicants.
FALSE
When Alec aced his first test, he was convinced it was because he is smart and dedicated to his schoolwork. However, when he failed the second test, he blamed it on a poorly written test. What does this demonstrate?
Self serving bias
What can facilitate a climate for transfer within an organization?
Peer support
Opportunities to use newly learned skills
Perceived supervisor support
Research shows that learning has a moderate correlation with ______ and a weak correlation with ______.
task performance; organizational commitment
What name is given to process through which we determine the cause of our behavior and that of other people?
Attribution
What are the three keys that help us to make an attribution?
Consensus, Distinctiveness, Consistency
What are the two common errors that people make when making attributions?
Fundamental Attribution Error, Self-Serving Bias
What is the fundemental attribution error?
The tendency for people to judge others’ behaviors as being due to internal factors such as ability, motivation, or attitudes.
What is self serving bias?
When we attribute our own failures to external factors and success to internal factors.
What is information that is easy to obtain and relates to general information?
Explicit knowledge
What is information that is very difficult to attain or impossible to articulate, usually specific to an individual or situation?
Tacit knowledge
What is the basic theory behind reinforcement theory?
Shape behavior through the use of consequences, positive consequences are rewarded, whereas negative consequences are for unfavorable behavior.
What are the four types of reinforcers?
positive, negative, punishment, extinction
What are the five types of reinforcement schedules?
Continuous, fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, variable interval
What occurs when employees retain and demonstrate the knowledge, skills, and behaviors required for their job after training ends?
Transfer of training
What is clmate of transfer?
An organizational environment that supports the use of new skills.
