MGMT Exam 2 - FLASHCARDS - Chapter 8

Question 1

When TeJay started his new job, he found the step-by-step process for logging into the company server set forth in a laminated document by computer. What type of information is represented by this document?

Answer 1

Explicit

Question 2

What term describes the practice of providing positive reinforcement every time an employee exhibits a desired behavior?

Answer 2

continuous reinforcement

Question 3

What type of schedule is when reinforcement occurs at fixed time periods?

Answer 3

Fixed interval reinforcement

Question 4

What type of reinforcement schedule is when reinforcement occurs at random periods of time?

Answer 4

Variable interval reinforement

Question 5

What type of reinforcement schedule is when reinforcement occurs following a fixed number of desired behaviors?

Answer 5

Fixed ratio reinforcement

Question 6

What type of reinforcement schedule is when behaviors are reinforced after a varying number of them have been exhibited?

Answer 6

Variable ratio reinforcement

Question 7

What do employees engage in when they choose actions to solve a problem?

Answer 7

decision making

Question 8

Mara has worked in her company’s office for many years and over time has learned who the best people are to talk to when certain issues arise. What type of knowledge does this represent?

Answer 8

Tacit

Question 9

Which of the following is the best example of a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement?

You continue to feed quarters into a slot machine, not knowing when it’s going to pay off.
A salesperson receives a bonus for each sale made.
A factory worker is paid $.25 for every circuit board tested.
A parent gives a child $1.00 for each A on quarterly report cards.

Answer 9

You continue to feed quarters into a slot machine, not knowing when it’s going to pay off.

Question 10

What process are dance students demonstrating when they repeat a dance step after watching their instructor perform it?

Answer 10

behavioral modeling

Question 11

Alex is careful in filling out a monthly sales report correctly because he doesn’t want to be criticized for any errors he might make. What consequence influences Alex’s behavior?

Answer 11

negative reinforcement

Question 12

A manager encouraged whistle-blowing by giving ethics awards, a form of ________; his replacement wants to discourage whistle-blowing and phases out the award program by giving fewer awards over time, a practice called

Answer 12

Positive reinforcement; extinction

Question 13

Setting up an anonymous process for employees to report unethical behavior could be considered a(n)

Answer 13

antecedent

Question 14

Dusty has been on the job only for a few days, but he has already learned while talking with his coworkers that using even mild curse words on the job is strictly frowned upon, so he has “cleaned up” his vocabulary. What term describes what Dusty did?

Answer 14

Behavioral modeling

Question 15

Identify the reinforcement schedule under which new learning is most rapidly acquired?

Answer 15

Continuous reinforcemnt schedule

Question 16

In which type of orientation is building competence more important than demonstrating competence?

Answer 16

Learning

Question 17

What type of reinforcement schedule is this? At Rentals4You, agents get a bonus for every 5 apartments they show that are leased

Answer 17

Fixed ratio

Question 18

What type of reinforcement schedule is this? At Mid-City Auto, the number of cars that agents need to sell during a quarter to earn a bonus often changes from quarter to quarter

Answer 18

Variable ratio

Question 19

What type of reinforcement schedule is this? At Anne’s Design Shop, employees receive a paycheck on the 15th and the last day of every month

Answer 19

Fixed interval

Question 20

What type of reinforcement schedule is this? At Samir’s Diner, the manager checks the cleanliness of the public restroom at random times during the day to make sure employees are keeping it clean

Answer 20

Variable interval

Question 21

Which of the following emphasizes the importance of observing and modeling others’ behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions?

Answer 21

Social learning theory

Question 22

What term describes decisions that become almost automatic because your knowledge allows you to recognize and identify the situation and the course of action?

Answer 22

Programmed

Question 23

What is the order of the behavior modeling process?

Answer 23

1. Attentional processes 2. Retention processes. 3. Production processes. 4. Reinforcement

Question 24

Whenever the professor asks a question in class, Hermione’s hand is the first one in the air because she likes to show classmates just how much she knows about the subject. Hermione has a ______ orientation.

Answer 24

performance-prove

Question 25

What type of reinforcement schedule is used when desired behaviors are reinforced at arbitrary points in time?

Answer 25

Variable interval

Question 26

What type of decision has a "ready-made" solution because it has been resolved in the past?

Answer 26

Programmed

Question 27

Setting up an anonymous process for employees to report unethical behavior could be considered a(n)

Answer 27

antecedent

Question 28

How do people learn from others in their environment? What four things are necessary for proper learning to occur?

Answer 28

Social learning theory says people are able to learn from the experiences of others based on what they do and do not do and the consequences of those actions. Behavior modeling requires four things for proper learning to occur: attentional processes, retention processes, production processes, reinforcement.

Question 29

What are the three types of goal orientations?

Answer 29

Learning Orientation (learn something new) Performance-Prove Orientation (for others to think positively about you) Performance-Avoid Orientation (to avoid negative consequences)

Question 30

What are the steps in the decision-making process? What are some assumptions related to the process?

Answer 30

1. Determine appropriate criteria for decision making 2. Generate list of available alternatives 3. Evaluate the alternatives against the criteria 4. Choose the solution that maximizes value 5. Implement the appropriate solution 6. Evaluate the solution Assumptions: - Perfect information - Choose decision in rational, logical manner - Acting in best interest of organization - Analyze alternatives all at once and optimize solution

Question 31

What are some problems with decision making?

Answer 31

Bounded rationality, satisficing, and escalation of commitment

Question 32

What is the notion that people do not have the ability or resources to process all available information and alternatives when making a decision?

Answer 32

Bounded rationality

Question 33

What is is when a decision maker chooses the first acceptable alternative considered?

Answer 33

Satisficing

Question 34

What are the causes of faulty perception?

Answer 34

1. Projection bias (The faulty perception by decision makers that others think, feel, and act the same way as they do). 2 Stereotyping 3. Availability and representativeness heuristics 4. Leniency/Severity/Central Tendency 5. Anchoring (Tendency to rely too heavily on one piece of information when making decisions even though it might be unreliable). 6. Framing (tendency to make different decisions based on how a question or situation is phrased). 7. Contrast 8. Recency vs. First Impression

Question 35

A team of managers meets to identify several ways to cut costs in order to make up the projected budget shortfall this financial quarter. What is this step according to the rational decision-making model?

Answer 35

generating a list of alternatives

Question 36

What do learners exhibit when they concentrate on the important behaviors exhibited by a behavioral model?

Answer 36

Attentional process

Question 37

Shimray is convinced that he can predict a job applicant's future performance better through a 5-minute meeting than through evaluating pre-employment test scores or reference checks. What basis is Shimray using to make hiring decisions

Answer 37

Intuition

Question 38

What is the best definition of satisficing?

Answer 38

choosing the first acceptable alternative considered

Question 39

Whenever the professor asks a question in class, Matt looks anywhere in the classroom except at the professor so that she won't call on him. He is afraid of giving a wrong answer and making a fool of himself in front of his classmates. What type of goal orientation is Matt demonstrating?

Answer 39

Performance avoid

Question 40

What type of decisions address issues that are new, complex, or ill-defined?

Answer 40

Nonprogrammed

Question 41

After a team of managers has brainstormed ways to cut costs, they discuss the potential impact of each suggestion and whether it would solve the problem. Which stage of the rational decision-making model is this?

Answer 41

Evaluating alternatives against the decision-making criteria

Question 42

Juanita is surprised when a coworker makes a snide remark about the Democratic candidate in the mayoral race because she assumed that they had the same positive feelings about the candidate. What tendency does this exemplify?

Answer 42

Projection bias

Question 43

What term describes the idea that people are unable to reach the optimal decision due to a lack of ability, time, and resources to process information and alternatives?

Answer 43

bounded rationality

Question 44

Tyrone has a bumper sticker on his car that reads, "Iowa Hawkeyes Alumni - Be Loud, Be Proud!" and feels an immediate kinship with others who have graduated from the University of Iowa. What influence on perception does this demonstrate?

Answer 44

social identity theory

Question 45

What name is given to the tendency to unconsciously assume that other people share your beliefs, attitudes, and values?

Answer 45

Projection bias

Question 46

When Linda is deciding where to eat in an unfamiliar area, she counts the number trucks parked in the restaurant's parking lot, because she has heard that truck drivers know all the good places to eat. What term describes this idea?

Answer 46

heuristic

Question 47

What is the best definition of satisficing?

Answer 47

choosing the first acceptable alternative considered

Question 48

What term refers to the tendency of decision makers to estimate the probability of something happening by how easily they can recall those events?

Answer 48

Availability bias

Question 49

What tendency defines the fundamental attribution error?

Answer 49

believing that another person's behavior is due to internal factors.

Question 50

What are simple, efficient "rules of thumb" that we use to help us make decisions more easily?

Answer 50

heuristics

Question 51

Which dimensions do we use to judge whether a person's behavior was the result of internal or external elements

Answer 51

consensus distinctiveness consistency

Question 52

Jacquie is bidding against several other people on an item at an auction. She knows the bid is already higher than what she originally wanted to pay, but she doesn't want to give up, so she keeps bidding. What type of decision-making problem does this demonstrate?

Answer 52

escalation of commitment

Question 53

When ground beef is advertised as "75% lean," sales are higher than when it is advertised as "25% fat." What decision-making bias does this demonstrate?

Answer 53

Framing

Question 54

True or false: Companies that have a reputation as an organization that values learning tend to receive lower-quality job applicants.

Answer 54

FALSE

Question 55

When Alec aced his first test, he was convinced it was because he is smart and dedicated to his schoolwork. However, when he failed the second test, he blamed it on a poorly written test. What does this demonstrate?

Answer 55

Self serving bias

Question 56

What can facilitate a climate for transfer within an organization?

Answer 56

Peer support Opportunities to use newly learned skills Perceived supervisor support

Question 57

Research shows that learning has a moderate correlation with ______ and a weak correlation with ______.

Answer 57

task performance; organizational commitment

Question 58

What name is given to process through which we determine the cause of our behavior and that of other people?

Answer 58

Attribution

Question 59

What are the three keys that help us to make an attribution?

Answer 59

Consensus, Distinctiveness, Consistency

Question 60

What are the two common errors that people make when making attributions?

Answer 60

Fundamental Attribution Error, Self-Serving Bias

Question 61

What is the fundemental attribution error?

Answer 61

The tendency for people to judge others’ behaviors as being due to internal factors such as ability, motivation, or attitudes.

Question 62

What is self serving bias?

Answer 62

When we attribute our own failures to external factors and success to internal factors.

Question 63

What is information that is easy to obtain and relates to general information?

Answer 63

Explicit knowledge

Question 64

What is information that is very difficult to attain or impossible to articulate, usually specific to an individual or situation?

Answer 64

Tacit knowledge

Question 65

What is the basic theory behind reinforcement theory?

Answer 65

Shape behavior through the use of consequences, positive consequences are rewarded, whereas negative consequences are for unfavorable behavior.

Question 66

What are the four types of reinforcers?

Answer 66

positive, negative, punishment, extinction

Question 67

What are the five types of reinforcement schedules?

Answer 67

Continuous, fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, variable interval

Question 68

What occurs when employees retain and demonstrate the knowledge, skills, and behaviors required for their job after training ends?

Answer 68

Transfer of training

Question 69

What is clmate of transfer?

Answer 69

An organizational environment that supports the use of new skills.