MGMT Exam 2 - FLASHCARDS - Chapter 6
Katrina discovers that she is earning significantly more than a coworker with more experience. She justifies this by convincing herself that she is paid more because she puts more effort into the job than her coworker. Katrina’s views are an example of
Cognitive distortion
When an individual experiences psychological empowerment, performing the work tasks serves as its own reward. What kind of motivation is this?
Intrisnic
What are the three components of performance? What are the three components of motivation? What is the role of engagement?
3 components of performance: Motivation, Ability, Opportunity
3 components of motivation: Direction of effort, Intensity of effort, and Persistence of Effort.
The role of Engagement:
Engagement is more or less a synonym for high levels of intensity and persistence in work effort. Employees who are engaged completely invest themselves and their energies into their jobs.
What is the difference between extrinsic and intrinsic motivators?
Extrinsic motivation: motivation that is controlled by some contingency that depends on task performance.
Ex: pay, promotions, bonuses, praise, job security
Intrinsic motivation: motivation that is felt when task performance serves as its own reward.
Ex: enjoyment, accomplishment, knowledge gain
What are the three parts of expectancy theory?
expectancy, instrumentality, and valence
What is the theory that humans have innate needs that motivate them in a hierarchical manner where lower level needs must be satisfied before higher level needs are activated?
Maslow’s heiarchy of needs
Which theory builds on Maslow’s theory by combining some of the needs and replacing prepotency with frustration-regression?
Alderfer’s ERG theory
Which theory suggests that people are not born with needs but develop them during early life experiences? People can develop needs for all of these but usually one is dominant leading to variances in behavioral tendencies
McClelland’s Acquired Need theory
What makes a goal effective?
That is is difficult and specific
What influences goal commitment?
rewards, publicity, resources, participation, support
What is the role of goal difficulty, feedback, task complexity, and goal commitment in the effectiveness of goal setting?
Goal difficulty results in higher levels of performance than assigning no goals or easy goals.
Feedback: If you can’t measure yourself or others you have nothing to score yourself against. Imagine trying to beat a high score but your own score is hidden from you.
Task Complexity: increasing task complexity decreases the effect of goal difficulty on motivation.
Goal commitment: when goal commitment is high, assigning specific and difficult goals will have significant benefits for task performance.
What theory of motivation suggests that motivation depends on individuals’ perceptions of their life and what occurs in lives of others?
Equity theory
What are the various comparisons that people could make? What are the different personality types in relation to equity theory?
Various comparisons:
a. Job equity: compare yourself to someone doing the same job in the same organization.
b. Company equity: Compare yourself to someone doing a different job in the same organization.
c. Occupational equity: Compare yourself to someone doing the same job in a different organization.
d. Educational equity: Compare yourself to someone with the same level of education.
e. Age equity: compare yourself to someone of the same age.
different personality types:
a. Sensitives: follow the theory as stated.
b. Benevolents: comfortable with lower ratio; givers
c. Entitleds: must have higher ratio; takers
The team raises concerns about the volume of bags they have compared to smaller regional airports. Specifically, Sophia mentions that they have to work just as hard, if not harder, than crews at smaller airports, but are held to the same margin of error. Which of the following best portrays what Sophia is feeling?
Underrewarded inequity
After comparing your situation with that of a comparison other, you realize that your ratio of outcomes and inputs is greater than the other person’s. According to equity theory, this is what type of a situation?
Overreward inequity
According to expectancy theory, what concerning motivational force is true?
Motivation increases as successful performance is linked to more and more attractive outcomes
Which element of S.M.A.R.T. goals proposes that goals should be challenging yet attainable?
Achievable
What are the elements of SMART?
Specific
Measurable
Achievable
Results-based
Time-sensitive
Goal setting is primarily focused towards DIRECTION of effort.
True or false: If any of the three beliefs of expectancy, instrumentality, and valence is higher than zero, motivation will be higher than zero?
FALSE
What are examples of intrisnic motivations?
Tiana is auditing a psychology course at the community college because she finds the subject fascinating.
Bob takes as many cooking classes as he can find because he loves to cook.
What are three common symbolic meanings of money?
respect, freedom, and achievement
According to expectancy theory, an individual’s effort level depends on three factors: expectancy, instrumentality, and
Valence
An individual’s belief that effort will result in positive outcomes is known as ______.
Expectancy
The term _____ describes the belief that, “If I do a good job, I’ll receive the outcome I desire.”
Instrumentality
The term _____ is defined by the question “Does the outcome have any value to me?”
Valence
Which theory of motivation proposes that work effort is directed toward positive experiences and away from negative ones?
Expectancy theory
What is psychological empowerment and what four beliefs make it up?
Psychological empowerment: this represents a form of intrinsic motivation, in that merely performing the work tasks serves as its own reward and supplies many of the intrinsic outcomes. Psychological empowerment is an energy rooted in the belief that work tasks contribute to some larger purpose.
4 beliefs: meaningfulness, self-determination, competence, impact
How does motivation relate to job performance and organizational commitment?
Motivation has a strong positive effect on Job performance
Motivation has a moderate effect on organizational Commitment.
What are the various ways that organizations apply motivational concepts in compensation systems? Be familiar with how each relates to creating a clear goal and connecting the individual’s performance to outcomes.
A. Piece-rate: specified rate is paid per unit produced or sold. Effective in manufacturing.
B. Merit Pay: increase base pay permanently based on performance in the previous evaluation period.
C. Lump-sum Bonus (Incentive): one-time payment based on meeting pre-determined goals.
D. Recognition Awards: tangible or intangible awards given on an impromptu basis to recognize achievement.
E. Gainsharing: a team-based approach to rewarding employees for achieving goals related to outcomes controlled by employees such as defects, time to complete the activity, safety, and resource use.
F. Profit sharing: bonus is paid to employees based on the performance of the organization.
G. Effectiveness:
1. Does the method provide a difficult and specific goal for the employee?
2. Can the employee see a connection between their performance and their outcomes taking into account equity and instrumentality?
What employee motivator tends to produce the best professional results?
Self efficacy
Workers who believe that their workplaces have a sense of equity are more likely to exhibit ______ behaviors and less likely to exhibit ______ behaviors.
citizenship; counterproductive
Which dimension of psychological empowerment is experienced by employees who have a degree of autonomy in their work tasks?
Self determination
Profit sharing depends on the performance of an entire company. What type of focus does this compensation plan have?
Organizational
What is most likely to happen if employees feel that they have less equity in their workplaces?
They would take actions against their workplaces
True or false: Lump-sum bonuses have a high impact on motivation because the lump-sum bonuses link financial payments to the successful achievement of certain tasks?
TRUE
