Metabolisum overview Flashcards
What is the first law of thermodynamics and how does this link to Gibbs energy of a system
First law of thermodynamics = energy is a system is concerved, energy cannot be created or destoryed only changed in form
ΔG > 0 = not favorable -> not spontaneous, must be coupled to occur
ΔG = 0 = equilibrium -> rectants and products same energy bonds
ΔG < 0 = favorable -> spontaneous reaction
Why is adenosine triphosphate a good energy intermediate and how is its supply maintained
Energy can be stored in the high energy phosphoanhydride bonds - hydrolysis of these bonds then releases this energy
Regeneration of this currancy by ATP synthase powered by stepwise oxidation of fuel molecules
What is a macromolecule
Macromoleules = large molecules which are broken down into fuel molecules
Lipids -> fatty acids
carbohydrates -> glucose
proteins -> amino acids
What are micronutriance
Micronutrients - minerals or vitamin dirrivatives
Minerals = inorganic 2 classes
-major - high conc - Na, P, K, Mg
-Minor - low conc (trace) - Fe, Cu, Zn
vitamins = organic
- water solubles not stored (b-classes)
- lipid solubles stored
What is a co enzyme
Co enzymes are a type of cofactor
vitamine dirrived carriers (electrons, hydrogen, functional groups) in low concentrations
have two states and are essential to enzyme function
How is oxidation of fuel molecules controled
Stepwise oxidation -> small oxidative steps which slows the breakdown of macromolecules enabling the energy to be converted into bonds within ATP for later use
What are two methods for energy release in a cell
ATP break down (hydrolysis) to release bond energy
OXidation - of fuel molecules to release lots of energy
What is a reduction equivilant
Reduction equivilant is anything with the capacity to carry 1e-
often H atoms, 1H+ and 1e-
NAD, FAD, NADP
What type of viatmines/minerals might become toxic when eaten in excess
Fat solubles - can be stored in adipose tissue -> can become toxic in excess
water solubles - excess = excreated in urine
