final prep

Question 1

What are the properties of the peptide bond `

Answer 1

Normally trans
Polar
Sp2, planar
40% double bond characteristics
80kj/mol rot barrier

Question 2

What are examples of
alpha family
alpha/beta family
antiparralel beta family

Answer 2

AF - globin fold + 4 helix bundle

ABF - AB barrel, AB horseshoe

AntiPBF - AP barral

Question 3

How do enzymes impact the equilibrium of a metabolite

Answer 3

Presence of an enzyme will increase the reaction rate - BUT will not impact the overall equilibrium of reactions and products

Question 4

What are 4 key advantages of biological enzymes

Answer 4

Reduce the reaction rate

function under mild conditions of the body - unlike chemical catylises (high pressure, pH, temp)

High specificity to their substrate - impornat due to large sum of substrates within a cell

Highly regulated when they are on or off

Question 5

What is the physiological benifits of Km

Answer 5

Km is the substrate conc for 1/2 vmax -
In the cell [s] is normally less than Km -> this enables good efficeny control of rate of substrate use

Question 6

How is cholesterol found in the diet

Answer 6

As cholesterol esters

Question 7

What enzyme is used to bind COASH to a FFA

Answer 7

acyl-CoA synthetase

Question 8

What are the two classes of peptidases and how can they be activated

Answer 8

Endopeptidases
Exopeptidases

Autolytic
Catylitic

Question 9

What are the two proteins used in the production of mature insulin

Answer 9

signal peptidase - preproinsulin -> proinsulin

Proprotein convertase - Proinsulin -> insulin

Question 10

What fuel stores can the liver use

Answer 10

Basically all fuels excluding ketone bodys

Question 11

What are the four enzymes involved in glycogen synthesis

Answer 11

Hexokinase - requires ATP
Mutase ~ step after requires UTP
glycogen synthase
Branching enzymes

Question 12

What amino acids are used to make phosphocreatinine

Answer 12

Gly Met Arg

Question 13

What is the main diagnostic criteria for T2 diabetes

Answer 13

Glycated HbA1c >= 50mmol/mol

fasting glucose = 7mmol/L

Question 14

What vascular pathologys can form from diabetes

Answer 14

Macrovascular
Cardiovascular
Peripheral artery
cerebrovascular

Microvascular:
retinopathy
nephropathy
neuropathy

Question 15

What can be used as treatment for diabetes

Answer 15

Increased insulin secretion:
sulfonylureas - Inhibits K+ channels -> depolarisation
GLP1- promotes insulin secretion

Decreased glucose:
SGLT2 - reduces glucose reabsoption
metphormine + excersises - increases AMP:ATP ratio -> causes activtion of AMPK -> inhibition of gluconeogenesis