Metabolism Flashcards
___ the biochemical reactions that occur in cells to maintain the living state.
Metabolism
Metabolism is the ___ ___ the occur in cells to maintain the living state.
biochemical reactions
What are 3 actions of metabolic pathways?
break down nutrients
synthesize complex molecules
convert one molecule to another
Catabolic pathways are ____
degradative
Catabolic pathways break down __ ___ (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins)
nutrient molecules
Catabolic pathways break down nutrient molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins) obtained from the __ or ___ ___ to generate ATP energy
diet, cellular reserves
Catabolic pathways generate ___ ___
ATP energy
Anabolic pathways are ____
biosynthetic
Anabolic pathways synthesize varied and complex __ ___ from simpler precursors
biological molecules
____ is breaking down nutrient molecules
catabolic pathways
___ is synthesizing biological molecules
anabolic pathways
Pathways are interconnected and create complex network of ___
reactions
Metabolic pathways use a series of __ to take you from initial molecules to the final product
enzymes
What part of ATP is important for energy storage and is high in energy (energy generation).
beta and gamma phosphate bonds
Building block of RNA
Primary molecule the stores energy in cells
ATP
The adenine base in ATP is important in ___
RNA
Different living systems can be characterized by what three things?
- sources of carbon
- sources of energy
- use of oxygen
___ use CO2 as their sole source of carbon to synthesize other compounds
Autotrophs
___ require an organic form of carbon such as glucose
Heterotrophs
Plants are classified as what regarding sources of carbon?
Autotrophs
Animals/bacteria are classified as what regarding sources of carbon?
Heterotrophs
__ are photosynthetic and use light as their source energy
phototrophs
Plants are classified as what in regard to source of energy?
phototrophs
__ use organic/dietary sources of energy
chemotrophs
animals are classified as what in regard to what source of energy?
chemotrophs
___ use O2 in energy producing pathways
aerobes
___ can exist without O2
aerobes
The enzymes that make up metabolic pathways can be:
(a) physically separate soluble enzymes
(b) cytoplasmic multi enzyme complexes
(c) membrane-associated multi enzyme complexes
enzyme (a) that makes up metabolic pathways:
physically separate soluble enzymes
enzyme (b) that makes up metabolic pathways:
cytoplasmic multi enzyme complexes
enzyme (c) that makes up metabolic pathways:
membrane-associated multi enzyme complexes
enzyme (c) that makes up metabolic pathways are located on the ___ of the cell
edge of the outside
What enzyme that makes up metabolic pathways is the most common?
(a) - physically separate soluble enzymes
- slow to diffuse
- float around
What are the energy yielding nutrients in catabolic reactions?
Carbohydrates, fats, proteins
What are the energy poor end products of catabolic reactions?
H2O, CO2, NH3
What is the energetic, oxidative byproduct of catabolic reactions?
NADH
____ involved in the catabolic reactions that generate ATP energy
NADH
NADH is produced in the __ ___ and the citric acid cycle
glycolysis pathway
What are the precursor molecules if anabolic reactions?
Amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, nitrogenous bases
What are the cell macromolecules of anabolic reactions?
Proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and nucleic acids
What is the endergonic, reductive insertion of anabolic reactions?
NADPH
____ used in anabolic reactions that synthesize biological membranes.
NADPH
NADPH is produced in the ___ ___ pathway
pentose phosphate
What is the connection between the catabolic & anabolic pathways of metabolism?
Catabolism - (NADH) - ATP chemical energy - (NADPH) - anabolism
Are catabolic pathways exergonic or endergonic?
exergonic
Are anabolic pathways exergonic or endergonic?
endergonic
___ pathways generate chemical energy in the form of ATP
exergonic
___ pathways use chemical energy of ATP to form new covalent bonds
endergonic
What is the most common enzyme pathway?
physically separate soluble enzymes
What enzyme pathway is located in the cellular cytoplasm and involves diffusion and moving?
physically separate, soluble enzymes
What enzyme pathway has the enzymes linked together in a quaternary structure, and the substrate is passed along the enzyme chain?
Cytoplasmic multienzymx complexes
What enzyme pathway involves enzymes that are associated with the outer cell membrane?
membrane- associated multi enzyme complexes
What are the two enzyme options of catabolic and anabolic pathways?
Different and shared
What enzyme option is preferred for catabolic and anabolic pathways?
different (independent)
The parallel pathways of catabolic and anabolic processes can either
- Independent (different) routes
- shared enzyme
__ is the stepwise degradation of glucose and other simple sugars to produce pyruvate
glycolysis
What is the product of glycolysis?
pyruvate
glycolysis is an __ process
anaerobic
glycolysis provides the precursors for aerobic processes such as ___
TCA cycle
glycolysis provides ___ by generating ATP when oxygen is limited
short term energy
Where are glycolysis enzymes located?
In the cytosol of the cell
What happens in the first phase of glycolysis?
5 enzymes catalyzed reactions allow glucose molecules to be broken down into 3 molecules of glyceralydehyde-3-phosphate
What occurs in the second phase of glycolysis?
five reactions convert the molecules of glyceralydehyde-3-phosphate into 2 molecules of pyruvate
phase 1 of glycolysis consumes __ molecules of ATP
2
phase 2 of glycolysis consumes __ molecules of ATP
4
What is the net number of ATP molecules produced by glycolysis?
2
Where are citric acid cycle enzymes located?
mitochondrial membrane
How is ATP formed in plants?
photosynthesis or catabolic processes in animal cells
___ and ___ are the fuels for the ATP cycle
NADH, FADH
