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BIOCHEM > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

___ the biochemical reactions that occur in cells to maintain the living state.

A

Metabolism

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2
Q

Metabolism is the ___ ___ the occur in cells to maintain the living state.

A

biochemical reactions

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3
Q

What are 3 actions of metabolic pathways?

A

break down nutrients
synthesize complex molecules
convert one molecule to another

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4
Q

Catabolic pathways are ____

A

degradative

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5
Q

Catabolic pathways break down __ ___ (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins)

A

nutrient molecules

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6
Q

Catabolic pathways break down nutrient molecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins) obtained from the __ or ___ ___ to generate ATP energy

A

diet, cellular reserves

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7
Q

Catabolic pathways generate ___ ___

A

ATP energy

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8
Q

Anabolic pathways are ____

A

biosynthetic

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9
Q

Anabolic pathways synthesize varied and complex __ ___ from simpler precursors

A

biological molecules

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10
Q

____ is breaking down nutrient molecules

A

catabolic pathways

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11
Q

___ is synthesizing biological molecules

A

anabolic pathways

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12
Q

Pathways are interconnected and create complex network of ___

A

reactions

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13
Q

Metabolic pathways use a series of __ to take you from initial molecules to the final product

A

enzymes

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14
Q

What part of ATP is important for energy storage and is high in energy (energy generation).

A

beta and gamma phosphate bonds

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15
Q

Building block of RNA
Primary molecule the stores energy in cells

A

ATP

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16
Q

The adenine base in ATP is important in ___

A

RNA

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17
Q

Different living systems can be characterized by what three things?

A
  1. sources of carbon
  2. sources of energy
  3. use of oxygen
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18
Q

___ use CO2 as their sole source of carbon to synthesize other compounds

A

Autotrophs

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19
Q

___ require an organic form of carbon such as glucose

A

Heterotrophs

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20
Q

Plants are classified as what regarding sources of carbon?

A

Autotrophs

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21
Q

Animals/bacteria are classified as what regarding sources of carbon?

A

Heterotrophs

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22
Q

__ are photosynthetic and use light as their source energy

A

phototrophs

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23
Q

Plants are classified as what in regard to source of energy?

A

phototrophs

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24
Q

__ use organic/dietary sources of energy

A

chemotrophs

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25
Q

animals are classified as what in regard to what source of energy?

A

chemotrophs

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26
Q

___ use O2 in energy producing pathways

A

aerobes

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27
Q

___ can exist without O2

A

aerobes

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28
Q

The enzymes that make up metabolic pathways can be:

A

(a) physically separate soluble enzymes
(b) cytoplasmic multi enzyme complexes
(c) membrane-associated multi enzyme complexes

29
Q

enzyme (a) that makes up metabolic pathways:

A

physically separate soluble enzymes

30
Q

enzyme (b) that makes up metabolic pathways:

A

cytoplasmic multi enzyme complexes

31
Q

enzyme (c) that makes up metabolic pathways:

A

membrane-associated multi enzyme complexes

32
Q

enzyme (c) that makes up metabolic pathways are located on the ___ of the cell

A

edge of the outside

33
Q

What enzyme that makes up metabolic pathways is the most common?

A

(a) - physically separate soluble enzymes
- slow to diffuse
- float around

34
Q

What are the energy yielding nutrients in catabolic reactions?

A

Carbohydrates, fats, proteins

35
Q

What are the energy poor end products of catabolic reactions?

A

H2O, CO2, NH3

36
Q

What is the energetic, oxidative byproduct of catabolic reactions?

A

NADH

37
Q

____ involved in the catabolic reactions that generate ATP energy

A

NADH

38
Q

NADH is produced in the __ ___ and the citric acid cycle

A

glycolysis pathway

39
Q

What are the precursor molecules if anabolic reactions?

A

Amino acids, sugars, fatty acids, nitrogenous bases

40
Q

What are the cell macromolecules of anabolic reactions?

A

Proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and nucleic acids

41
Q

What is the endergonic, reductive insertion of anabolic reactions?

A

NADPH

42
Q

____ used in anabolic reactions that synthesize biological membranes.

A

NADPH

43
Q

NADPH is produced in the ___ ___ pathway

A

pentose phosphate

44
Q

What is the connection between the catabolic & anabolic pathways of metabolism?

A

Catabolism - (NADH) - ATP chemical energy - (NADPH) - anabolism

45
Q

Are catabolic pathways exergonic or endergonic?

A

exergonic

46
Q

Are anabolic pathways exergonic or endergonic?

A

endergonic

47
Q

___ pathways generate chemical energy in the form of ATP

A

exergonic

48
Q

___ pathways use chemical energy of ATP to form new covalent bonds

A

endergonic

49
Q

What is the most common enzyme pathway?

A

physically separate soluble enzymes

50
Q

What enzyme pathway is located in the cellular cytoplasm and involves diffusion and moving?

A

physically separate, soluble enzymes

51
Q

What enzyme pathway has the enzymes linked together in a quaternary structure, and the substrate is passed along the enzyme chain?

A

Cytoplasmic multienzymx complexes

52
Q

What enzyme pathway involves enzymes that are associated with the outer cell membrane?

A

membrane- associated multi enzyme complexes

53
Q

What are the two enzyme options of catabolic and anabolic pathways?

A

Different and shared

54
Q

What enzyme option is preferred for catabolic and anabolic pathways?

A

different (independent)

55
Q

The parallel pathways of catabolic and anabolic processes can either

A
  • Independent (different) routes
  • shared enzyme
56
Q

__ is the stepwise degradation of glucose and other simple sugars to produce pyruvate

A

glycolysis

57
Q

What is the product of glycolysis?

A

pyruvate

58
Q

glycolysis is an __ process

A

anaerobic

59
Q

glycolysis provides the precursors for aerobic processes such as ___

A

TCA cycle

60
Q

glycolysis provides ___ by generating ATP when oxygen is limited

A

short term energy

61
Q

Where are glycolysis enzymes located?

A

In the cytosol of the cell

62
Q

What happens in the first phase of glycolysis?

A

5 enzymes catalyzed reactions allow glucose molecules to be broken down into 3 molecules of glyceralydehyde-3-phosphate

63
Q

What occurs in the second phase of glycolysis?

A

five reactions convert the molecules of glyceralydehyde-3-phosphate into 2 molecules of pyruvate

64
Q

phase 1 of glycolysis consumes __ molecules of ATP

A

2

65
Q

phase 2 of glycolysis consumes __ molecules of ATP

A

4

66
Q

What is the net number of ATP molecules produced by glycolysis?

A

2

67
Q

Where are citric acid cycle enzymes located?

A

mitochondrial membrane

68
Q

How is ATP formed in plants?

A

photosynthesis or catabolic processes in animal cells

69
Q

___ and ___ are the fuels for the ATP cycle

A

NADH, FADH

BIOCHEM (16 decks)

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