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Lipids Flashcards

1
Q

Lipids are ___ class of molecules

A

heterogeneous

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2
Q

Lipids are defined by their ___ ___ in water. This is due to ____ nature

A

low solubility, hydrophobic

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3
Q

Two roles of lipids in cells:

A
  1. functioning as energy stores
  2. components of biological membranes
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4
Q

Fats, oils, membrane lipids, some vitamins, and hormones are examples of ___

A

fats

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5
Q

Triacyclglycerols consist of __ ___ __ attached to a backbone of ___

A

three fatty acids, glycerol

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6
Q

Triacyclglycerols are three fatty acids attached to the ___ of ___

A

backbone, glycerol

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7
Q

Triacylglycerols consist of __ and ___ of animals and plants

A

fats and oils

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8
Q

Adipose tissue are also known as __ __

A

body fats

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9
Q

Adipose tissue is a storage site for _____

A

triacylglycerols

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10
Q

Adipose tissue yield ___ ____ ____

A

large amounts of energy

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11
Q

Adipose tissues yield large amount of energy and are the storage site for ____

A

triacylglycerols

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12
Q

Fatty acids are composed of long ___ ___ with a ____ ___ at the end

A

hydrocarbon chain, carboxyl group (-COOH)

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13
Q

A long hydrocarbon chain and a carboxy group (-COOH) make up a ___ ___

A

fatty acid

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14
Q

What are the two types of fatty acids?

A
  1. Saturated fats
  2. Unsaturated fats
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15
Q

What are saturated fats composed of?

A

C-C single bonds

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16
Q

C-C single bonds make up ____

A

saturated fats

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17
Q

What are unsaturated fats composed of?

A

1-4 C-C double bonds

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18
Q

1-4 C-C double bonds make up___

A

unsaturated fats

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19
Q

What are the two essential fatty acids?

A
  1. linoleic acid
  2. a-linoleic acid
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20
Q

a-Linolenic acid is an _____

A

w-3 fatty acid

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21
Q

A w-3 fatty acid is an ____

A

a-Linolenic acid

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22
Q

How many saturated fatty acids are in Lauric acid?

A

12

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23
Q

How many saturated fatty acids are in Myristic acid?

A

14

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24
Q

How many saturated fatty acids are in Palmitic acid?

A

16

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25
Q

How many saturated fatty acids are in Stearic acid?

A

18

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26
Q

How many saturated fatty acids are in Arachidic acid?

A

20

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27
Q

How many unsaturated fatty acids are in Palmitoleic acid?

A

16

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28
Q

How many unsaturated fatty acids are in Oleic acid?

A

18

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29
Q

How many unsaturated fatty acids are in Linoleic acid?

A

18

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30
Q

How many unsaturated fatty acids are in a-Linolenic acid?

A

18

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31
Q

How many unsaturated fatty acids are in y-Linolenic acid?

A

18

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32
Q

How many unsaturated fatty acids are in Arachidonic acid?

A

20

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33
Q

Cis fatty acids

A

H on the same side

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34
Q

Trans fatty acids

A

H on opposite sides

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35
Q

How are triacylglycerols formed?

A

Linking of three fatty acids to glycerol

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36
Q

Hydroxyl formation

A

-O-OH

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37
Q

Carboxyl formation

A

O
ll
HO-C -

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38
Q

Formation of ester bond:

A

Hydroxyl + carboxyl (release H2O)

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39
Q

Fats come from ___

40
Q

Oils come from ___

41
Q

Simple triacylglycerol has ____

A

A triacylglycerol with three identical fatty acids

42
Q

Mixed triacylglycerol has ____

A

A triacylglycerol with two or three different fatty acids

43
Q

A triacylglycerol with three identical fatty acids is a _____

A

simple triacylglycerol

44
Q

A triacylglycerol with two or three different fatty acids is a _____

A

mixed triacylglycerol

45
Q

What are the 6 major types of lipids?

A
  1. Triacylglycerols
  2. Glycerophospholipids
  3. Sphingolipids
  4. Waxes
  5. Terpenes
  6. Steriods
46
Q

How many fatty acids are in Triacylglycerols?

47
Q

How many fatty acids are in Glycerophospholipids?

48
Q

How many fatty acids are in Sphingolipids?

49
Q

How many fatty acids are in waxes?

50
Q

How many fatty acids are in Terpenes?

51
Q

How many fatty acids are in steroids?

52
Q

Glycerophospholipids have a ___ ___ linked to carbon atom 3 of the glycerol ____, instead of a fatty acid.

A

phosphate group, backbone

53
Q

Phosphatidic acid is the __ ___ of the common _____

A

core molecule, glycerophospholipids

54
Q

What is the function of glycerophospholipids?

A

Major lipid component of membranes. Form the bilayer structure of membranes

55
Q

What is the core molecule of glycerophospholipids?

A

Phosphatidic acid

56
Q

Phosphatidic acid is a variety of ___ that differ in the fatty acids attached to __ and __ of glycerol

A

lipids, C1, C2

57
Q

Within phosphatidic acid, other chemical groups can be attached to the ___ __

A

phosphate group

58
Q

How many carbons are in sphingosine?

A

18 carbon molcules

59
Q

What do sphingosines do?

A

Form the backbone of these lipids instead of glycerol

60
Q

How is a ceramide formed?

A

Formed by linking a fatty acid to the sphingosine

61
Q

___ ___ are added to the ceramide to create a ceramide-based _____

A

additional groups, sphingolipid

62
Q

What are examples of sphingolipids?

A
  1. Sphingomyelins
  2. Glycosphingolipids
63
Q

Important in nerve tissue of higher animals

A

sphingomyelins

64
Q

Membrane lipids involved in cell-cell recognition, tissue, and organ specificity

A

glycosphingolipids

65
Q

Glycosphingolipids are important in ____

A

cell-to-cell recognition (in tissues and organs)

66
Q

Sphingomyelins are important in ___

A

nervous tissues of higher animals

67
Q

The linkage of sphingosine with a fatty acid produces a ___

68
Q

Spingosine + fatty acid =

69
Q

Long chain fatty acid carboxyl group (-COOH) + Long chain alcohol hydroxyl group (-OH) =

70
Q

How are waxes formed?

A

Linking a long chain fatty acid carboxyl group (-COOH) with a long chain alcohol hydroxyl group (-OH) =

71
Q

___ give a water-repellant property to animal skin, plant leaves, bird feather, etc

72
Q

Two examples of waxes

A
  1. Lanolin
  2. Carnauba wax
73
Q

Lanolin is a component of __ __

74
Q

Carnauba wax is from __ ___ ___

A

palm tree fronds

75
Q

Formed by combining two or more molecules of isoprene are ___

76
Q

Terpenes are formed by combining two or more molecules of ___

77
Q

Are terpenes simple or mixed lipids?

A

simple lipids

78
Q

Why are terpenes simple lipids?

A

They don’t have fatty acids in their structures

79
Q

____ are often part of more complex molecules

80
Q

What are 5 examples of terpenes?

A
  1. Retinal
  2. Vitamin E
  3. Vitamin K
  4. Coenzyme Q
  5. Coumadin (anticoagulant)
81
Q

Are terpenes hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

hydrophobic

82
Q

The side chains of lipids that incorporate terpenes as part of their structure are made of _____

A

isoprene molecules

83
Q

Steroids have structures based on the ___ ___.

A

steroid nucleus

84
Q

Steroids are composed of 3 ___ ___ rings and 1 __ ___ ring.

A

6-membered, 5-membered

85
Q

____ is the most common steroid in animals.

A

cholesterol

86
Q

Cholesterol is the precursor for all other __ ___

A

animal steroids

87
Q

Cholesterol functions as a principal component of __ __ __ membranes.

A

animal cell plasma

88
Q

Cholesterol is also a component of ____ ___ in the blood and of ___ that form on arterial walls in atherosclerosis.

A

lipoprotein complexes, plaques

89
Q

What are the 5 steroid hormones?

A

androgens, estrogens, progestins, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids

90
Q

Glucocorticoids are also known as ____

91
Q

Mineralocorticoids are also known as ___

A

aldosterone

92
Q

What do glucocorticoids do?

A

Involved in the control of carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism

93
Q

What do mineralocorticoids do?

A

Regulate salt (K+, Na+, Cl-) balances in tissues

94
Q

What are the two types of bile acids?

A

Cholic acid, deoxycholic acid

95
Q

___ ___ act as biological detergents that assist in the absorption of dietary lipids in the intestines

A

Bile acids

96
Q

1 5-membrane ring with 3 6-membrane rings are ??

BIOCHEM (16 decks)

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