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BIOCHEM > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three groups of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides

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2
Q

What is the molecular formula of monosaccharides?

A

(CH2O)n (n=3 or more)

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3
Q

glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, and deoxyribose are examples of ____

A

monosaccharides

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4
Q

What are the five examples of monosaccharides?

A
  1. glucose
  2. fructose
  3. galactose
  4. ribose
  5. deoxyribose
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5
Q

How many monosaccharides are in oligosaccharides?

A

two - ten monosaccharides

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6
Q

There are __ to ___ monosaccharides in oligosaccharides

A

two to ten

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7
Q

sucrose, lactose, maltose are examples of ____

A

oligosaccharides

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8
Q

Polysaccharides are ___ of monosaccharides

A

polymers

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9
Q

Polysaccharides contain ___ or ___ of monosaccharides units

A

hundreds or thousands

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10
Q

There are hundreds or thousands of ___ ___ in polysaccharides

A

monosaccharides units

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11
Q

Polysaccharides may be __ or ___ polymers

A

linear or branched

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12
Q

starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin are examples of ____

A

polysaccharides

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13
Q

a and B glucose are _____

A

monosaccharides

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14
Q

a-glucopyranose the OH is ____

A

OH pointing down

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15
Q

B-glucopyranose the OH is ___

A

OH pointing up

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16
Q

B-glucopyranose is __ __ than a-glucopyranose

A

more stable

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17
Q

a-glucose creates ____

A

starch

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18
Q

B-glucose creates ____

A

cellulose

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19
Q

a =

A

axial bond

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20
Q

e=

A

equatorial bond

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21
Q

The ____ ____ of glucose is the most stable structure and is the form that predominates

A

chair conformation

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22
Q

a and B fructose are ____

A

monosaccharides

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23
Q

a-fructofuranose the OH is _____

A

pointing down

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24
Q

B-fructofuranose the OH is ___

A

pointing up

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25
Q

_____ is a five sided ring structure

A

furan

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26
Q

____ is a six sided ring structure

A

pyran

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27
Q

(Galactose vs Glucose) The OH is up in ______

A

Galactose

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28
Q

(Galactose vs Glucose) OH is down in _____

A

Glucose

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29
Q

What makes ribose different than glucose, fructose, and galactose?

A

Ribose is a 5 carbon structure

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30
Q

Deoxyribose is lacking one ___

A

oxygen

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31
Q
  1. C5H10O5 is ____
  2. C5H10O4 is ____
A
  1. ribose
  2. deoxyribose
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32
Q

Ribose and deoxyribose are important components of ___ and ___ ___

A

nucleotides and nucleic acids

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33
Q

___ ___ are derivatives of monosaccharides

A

Amino sugars

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34
Q

B-D-Glucosamine has the OH on carbon 1 pointing __ and the OH on carbon 4 pointing ___

A

up, down

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35
Q

Disaccharides consist of two ____ ___ linked by a glycosidic bond

A

monosaccharide units

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36
Q

What are three examples of disaccharides?

A
  1. Sucrose
  2. Lactose
  3. Maltose
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37
Q

This disaccharide is table sugar; composed of glucose + fructose

A

Sucrose

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38
Q

This disaccharide is milk sugar; composed of galactose + glucose

A

Lactose

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39
Q

This disaccharide is malt sugar; composed of two glucose units

A

Maltose

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40
Q

What are two examples of other disaccharides?

A
  1. Cellobiose
  2. Isomaltose
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41
Q

This disaccharide is obtained by chemical breakdown of cellulose

A

Cellobiose

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42
Q

This disaccharide is obtained by chemical breakdown of bacterial polysaccharides

A

Isomaltose

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43
Q

Galactose-B-1,4-glucose

A

Lactose

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44
Q

Glucose-a-1,4-glucose

A

Maltose

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45
Q

glucose-a-1,2-fructose

A

Sucrose

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46
Q

glucose-B-1,4-glucose

A

Cellobiose

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47
Q

glucose-a-1,6-glucose

A

Isomaltose

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48
Q

What are two examples of storage polysaccharides?

A
  1. Starch
  2. Glycogen
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49
Q

___ is a storage form of a-glucose in plants

A

Starch

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50
Q

Starch has a mixture of two forms:

A

a-amylose (10-30%)
amylopectin (70-90%)

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51
Q

a-amylose consists of ___ ___ of a-glucose

A

linear chains

52
Q

amylopectin is highly ___ with them being every ___ residues

A

branched, 12-30

53
Q

____ is the storage form of a-glucose in animals

A

Glycogen

54
Q

Glycogen is found in the ___ and ___

A

liver and skeletal muscle

55
Q

Glycogen has ___ of liver mass

A

10%

56
Q

Glycogen has ___ of skeletal muscle

A

1-2%

57
Q

Glycogen is highly ___ with them being every ___ glucose units

A

branched, 8-12

58
Q

___ linear polymer of a-glucose units

A

amylose

59
Q

___ branched chain polymer of glucose units

A

amylopectin

60
Q

what is the linear linkage of amylose?

A

glucose-a,1,4-glucose

61
Q

what is the branded linkage of amylopectin?

A

glucose-a,1,6-glucose

62
Q

What is the linear linkage of amylopectin?

A

glucose-a,1,4-glucose

63
Q

The linear linkage in both amylose and amylopectin is

A

glucose-a,1,4-glucose

64
Q

How is starch in the diet broken down?

A

a-amylase & a(1-6)-glucosidase

65
Q

__ __ stabilize the helices in ___

A

hydrogen bonds, amylose

66
Q

Structural polysaccharides include:

A
  1. Cellulose
  2. Chitin
  3. Agarose
  4. Glycosaminoglycans
67
Q

___ abundant component of plant cell walls, wood, and bark of trees

A

cellulose

68
Q

Cellulose is the __ ___ of b-glucose units

A

linear polymer

69
Q

Cellulose is the abundant component of _____

A

plant cell walls, wood, and bark of trees

70
Q

____ is the component of exoskeleton (shells) of crabs, shrimp, insects, spiders, etc.

A

Chitin

71
Q

Chitin is similar in structure to _____ but with a repeating unit of N-acetylglucosamine and not ___

A

cellulose, B-glucose

72
Q

____ is a linear polymer of galactose

A

Agarose

73
Q

Agarose is used to separate __ ___ like DNA by electrophoresis

A

large molecules

74
Q

Glycosaminoglycans are components of ___, ___ and other ___ ____

A

cartilage, tendons, connective tissues

75
Q

Cellulose is a ___ of B-glucose

A

polymer

76
Q

Glucose units in cellulose are linked by __ glycosidic bonds

A

B(1-4)

77
Q

Cellulose forms an extended ___ ___ with alternating glucose units flipped ____

A

ribbon structure, 180

78
Q

Cellulose forms ____ extended ribbons

A

linear

79
Q

___ ___ strengthen the structure of cellulose

A

Hydrogen bonds

80
Q

What are the three cellulose chains?

A

Intrachain
Interchain
Intersheet

81
Q

What is the strength of Cellulose due to ?

A
  1. No branches
  2. Extended, linear chains
  3. Hydrogen bonding
82
Q

The strength of cellulose is due to extended, linear chains. What does this mean?

A

There is no helical coiling. Alternating glucose units are rotated 180 degrees.

83
Q

___ is a polymer of a derivative of B-glucose called N-acetylglucosamine

A

Chitin

84
Q

Chitin forms __ ___ structures similar to cellulose

A

extended ribbon

85
Q

Peptidoglycan are the strong, protective peptide/polysaccharide layers of __ ___ __

A

bacterial cell walls

86
Q

Proteoglycans are the family of glycoproteins located in the extracellular matrix of __ ___

A

animals cells

87
Q

Peptidoglycan, gram-negative bacteria, and gram-positive bacteria are all examples of?

A

Bacterial cell walls

88
Q

Glycoproteins and proteoglycans are examples of?

A

Cell surface polysaccharides of animal cells

89
Q

What is an example of gram-negative bacteria

A

E. coli

90
Q

What is an example of gram-positive bacteria

A

S. aureus

91
Q

___ ___ __ have a thin peptidoglycan layer between two lipid bilayers

A

Gram-negative bacteria

92
Q

___ ___ __ have a thicker peptidoglycan layer external to a single lipid bilayer

A

Gram-positive bacteria

93
Q

____ are membrane proteins with polysaccharides attached

A

Glycoproteins

94
Q

____ are a family of glycoproteins located in the extracellular matrix

A

Proteoglycans

95
Q

Are gram-negative peptidoglycan layers thick or thin?

A

THIN

96
Q

Are gram-positive peptidoglycan layers thick or thin?

A

THICK

97
Q

This peptidoglycan structure is external to a single lipid bilayer - which surrounds the bacterial plasma membrane

A

Gram-positive bacteria

98
Q

This peptidoglycan structure is between two lipid bilayers

A

Gram-negative bacteria

99
Q

_____ are major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria

A

lipopolysaccharides

100
Q

In gram-negative bacteria, ____ is between the outer and inner lipid bilayer

A

peptidoglycan

101
Q

____ are proteins with covalently linked oligo- or polysaccharide groups

A

glycoproteins

102
Q

____ are carbohydrate groups linked to proteins through the -OH groups of serine or threonine

A

O-linked glycoproteins

103
Q

Where are O-linked glycoproteins found?

A

In cell surface glycoproteins

104
Q

____ are carbohydrate groups linked through a nitrogen in the side chain of asparagine

A

N-linked glycoproteins

105
Q

Where are N-linked glycoproteins found?

A

Many different cellular proteins such as antibodies, ribonuclease, peptide hormones

106
Q

Why are three examples of O-linked glycoproteins

A
  1. Leukosialin
  2. Decay-accelerating factor (DAF)
  3. LDL receptor
107
Q

The highly extended protein chains of O-linked glycoproteins allow the __ regions to project above the __ ___

A

functional, membrane surface

108
Q

Decay-accelerating factor and LDL receptors have ___ ___

A

globular structures

109
Q

___ are a family of glycoproteins with carbohydrate groups called glycosaminoglycans

A

proteoglycans

110
Q

Proteoglycans are a family of _____

A

glycoproteins

111
Q

Proteoglycans are a family of glycoproteins with carbohydrate groups called ____

A

glycosaminoglycans

112
Q

What are two examples of proteoglycans?

A

Chondroitin, dermatan

113
Q

Glycosaminoglycans are __ ___ of alternating _____

A

linear chains, monosaccharides

114
Q

Glycosaminoglycans are linear chains of alternating monosaccharides with charged groups such as ___ ___

A

carboxyl groups, -COO-

115
Q

Where are proteoglycans located?

A
  1. extracellular matrix
  2. integral membrane proteins
116
Q

How do proteoglycans function?

A

Function by interacting with a variety of other molecules at the cell surface

117
Q

Proteoglycans have ____ ___ and a binding site

A

carbohydrate chains

118
Q

Fewer carbohydrate chains in proteoglycans may imply that protein chains have the __ ___

A

binding site

119
Q

___ consist of a polypeptide with long chains of carbohydrates (glycosaminoglycans) attached

A

proteoglycans

120
Q

What proteoglycan is a long chain of protein with few carbohydrates?

A

Versican

121
Q

What proteoglycan is a short chain of protein with many carbohydrate chains?

A

Serglycin

122
Q

What proteoglycan is a long protein chain with many carbohydrate chains?

A

Rat cartilage proteoglycan

123
Q

What proteoglycan is a short protein chain with one carbohydrate chain?

A

Decorin

124
Q

What proteoglycan is a short protein chain with one carbohydrate chain with heparin sulfate?

A

Syndecan

125
Q

What are the two components of cartilage?

A

cartilage proteoglycan, type 2 collagen

126
Q

Majority of proteoglycans are found in the ____

A

extracellular matrix

BIOCHEM (16 decks)

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