Carbohydrates Flashcards
What are the three groups of carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides, oligosaccharides, polysaccharides
What is the molecular formula of monosaccharides?
(CH2O)n (n=3 or more)
glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, and deoxyribose are examples of ____
monosaccharides
What are the five examples of monosaccharides?
- glucose
- fructose
- galactose
- ribose
- deoxyribose
How many monosaccharides are in oligosaccharides?
two - ten monosaccharides
There are __ to ___ monosaccharides in oligosaccharides
two to ten
sucrose, lactose, maltose are examples of ____
oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides are ___ of monosaccharides
polymers
Polysaccharides contain ___ or ___ of monosaccharides units
hundreds or thousands
There are hundreds or thousands of ___ ___ in polysaccharides
monosaccharides units
Polysaccharides may be __ or ___ polymers
linear or branched
starch, glycogen, cellulose, chitin are examples of ____
polysaccharides
a and B glucose are _____
monosaccharides
a-glucopyranose the OH is ____
OH pointing down
B-glucopyranose the OH is ___
OH pointing up
B-glucopyranose is __ __ than a-glucopyranose
more stable
a-glucose creates ____
starch
B-glucose creates ____
cellulose
a =
axial bond
e=
equatorial bond
The ____ ____ of glucose is the most stable structure and is the form that predominates
chair conformation
a and B fructose are ____
monosaccharides
a-fructofuranose the OH is _____
pointing down
B-fructofuranose the OH is ___
pointing up
_____ is a five sided ring structure
furan
____ is a six sided ring structure
pyran
(Galactose vs Glucose) The OH is up in ______
Galactose
(Galactose vs Glucose) OH is down in _____
Glucose
What makes ribose different than glucose, fructose, and galactose?
Ribose is a 5 carbon structure
Deoxyribose is lacking one ___
oxygen
- C5H10O5 is ____
- C5H10O4 is ____
- ribose
- deoxyribose
Ribose and deoxyribose are important components of ___ and ___ ___
nucleotides and nucleic acids
___ ___ are derivatives of monosaccharides
Amino sugars
B-D-Glucosamine has the OH on carbon 1 pointing __ and the OH on carbon 4 pointing ___
up, down
Disaccharides consist of two ____ ___ linked by a glycosidic bond
monosaccharide units
What are three examples of disaccharides?
- Sucrose
- Lactose
- Maltose
This disaccharide is table sugar; composed of glucose + fructose
Sucrose
This disaccharide is milk sugar; composed of galactose + glucose
Lactose
This disaccharide is malt sugar; composed of two glucose units
Maltose
What are two examples of other disaccharides?
- Cellobiose
- Isomaltose
This disaccharide is obtained by chemical breakdown of cellulose
Cellobiose
This disaccharide is obtained by chemical breakdown of bacterial polysaccharides
Isomaltose
Galactose-B-1,4-glucose
Lactose
Glucose-a-1,4-glucose
Maltose
glucose-a-1,2-fructose
Sucrose
glucose-B-1,4-glucose
Cellobiose
glucose-a-1,6-glucose
Isomaltose
What are two examples of storage polysaccharides?
- Starch
- Glycogen
___ is a storage form of a-glucose in plants
Starch
Starch has a mixture of two forms:
a-amylose (10-30%)
amylopectin (70-90%)
a-amylose consists of ___ ___ of a-glucose
linear chains
amylopectin is highly ___ with them being every ___ residues
branched, 12-30
____ is the storage form of a-glucose in animals
Glycogen
Glycogen is found in the ___ and ___
liver and skeletal muscle
Glycogen has ___ of liver mass
10%
Glycogen has ___ of skeletal muscle
1-2%
Glycogen is highly ___ with them being every ___ glucose units
branched, 8-12
___ linear polymer of a-glucose units
amylose
___ branched chain polymer of glucose units
amylopectin
what is the linear linkage of amylose?
glucose-a,1,4-glucose
what is the branded linkage of amylopectin?
glucose-a,1,6-glucose
What is the linear linkage of amylopectin?
glucose-a,1,4-glucose
The linear linkage in both amylose and amylopectin is
glucose-a,1,4-glucose
How is starch in the diet broken down?
a-amylase & a(1-6)-glucosidase
__ __ stabilize the helices in ___
hydrogen bonds, amylose
Structural polysaccharides include:
- Cellulose
- Chitin
- Agarose
- Glycosaminoglycans
___ abundant component of plant cell walls, wood, and bark of trees
cellulose
Cellulose is the __ ___ of b-glucose units
linear polymer
Cellulose is the abundant component of _____
plant cell walls, wood, and bark of trees
____ is the component of exoskeleton (shells) of crabs, shrimp, insects, spiders, etc.
Chitin
Chitin is similar in structure to _____ but with a repeating unit of N-acetylglucosamine and not ___
cellulose, B-glucose
____ is a linear polymer of galactose
Agarose
Agarose is used to separate __ ___ like DNA by electrophoresis
large molecules
Glycosaminoglycans are components of ___, ___ and other ___ ____
cartilage, tendons, connective tissues
Cellulose is a ___ of B-glucose
polymer
Glucose units in cellulose are linked by __ glycosidic bonds
B(1-4)
Cellulose forms an extended ___ ___ with alternating glucose units flipped ____
ribbon structure, 180
Cellulose forms ____ extended ribbons
linear
___ ___ strengthen the structure of cellulose
Hydrogen bonds
What are the three cellulose chains?
Intrachain
Interchain
Intersheet
What is the strength of Cellulose due to ?
- No branches
- Extended, linear chains
- Hydrogen bonding
The strength of cellulose is due to extended, linear chains. What does this mean?
There is no helical coiling. Alternating glucose units are rotated 180 degrees.
___ is a polymer of a derivative of B-glucose called N-acetylglucosamine
Chitin
Chitin forms __ ___ structures similar to cellulose
extended ribbon
Peptidoglycan are the strong, protective peptide/polysaccharide layers of __ ___ __
bacterial cell walls
Proteoglycans are the family of glycoproteins located in the extracellular matrix of __ ___
animals cells
Peptidoglycan, gram-negative bacteria, and gram-positive bacteria are all examples of?
Bacterial cell walls
Glycoproteins and proteoglycans are examples of?
Cell surface polysaccharides of animal cells
What is an example of gram-negative bacteria
E. coli
What is an example of gram-positive bacteria
S. aureus
___ ___ __ have a thin peptidoglycan layer between two lipid bilayers
Gram-negative bacteria
___ ___ __ have a thicker peptidoglycan layer external to a single lipid bilayer
Gram-positive bacteria
____ are membrane proteins with polysaccharides attached
Glycoproteins
____ are a family of glycoproteins located in the extracellular matrix
Proteoglycans
Are gram-negative peptidoglycan layers thick or thin?
THIN
Are gram-positive peptidoglycan layers thick or thin?
THICK
This peptidoglycan structure is external to a single lipid bilayer - which surrounds the bacterial plasma membrane
Gram-positive bacteria
This peptidoglycan structure is between two lipid bilayers
Gram-negative bacteria
_____ are major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria
lipopolysaccharides
In gram-negative bacteria, ____ is between the outer and inner lipid bilayer
peptidoglycan
____ are proteins with covalently linked oligo- or polysaccharide groups
glycoproteins
____ are carbohydrate groups linked to proteins through the -OH groups of serine or threonine
O-linked glycoproteins
Where are O-linked glycoproteins found?
In cell surface glycoproteins
____ are carbohydrate groups linked through a nitrogen in the side chain of asparagine
N-linked glycoproteins
Where are N-linked glycoproteins found?
Many different cellular proteins such as antibodies, ribonuclease, peptide hormones
Why are three examples of O-linked glycoproteins
- Leukosialin
- Decay-accelerating factor (DAF)
- LDL receptor
The highly extended protein chains of O-linked glycoproteins allow the __ regions to project above the __ ___
functional, membrane surface
Decay-accelerating factor and LDL receptors have ___ ___
globular structures
___ are a family of glycoproteins with carbohydrate groups called glycosaminoglycans
proteoglycans
Proteoglycans are a family of _____
glycoproteins
Proteoglycans are a family of glycoproteins with carbohydrate groups called ____
glycosaminoglycans
What are two examples of proteoglycans?
Chondroitin, dermatan
Glycosaminoglycans are __ ___ of alternating _____
linear chains, monosaccharides
Glycosaminoglycans are linear chains of alternating monosaccharides with charged groups such as ___ ___
carboxyl groups, -COO-
Where are proteoglycans located?
- extracellular matrix
- integral membrane proteins
How do proteoglycans function?
Function by interacting with a variety of other molecules at the cell surface
Proteoglycans have ____ ___ and a binding site
carbohydrate chains
Fewer carbohydrate chains in proteoglycans may imply that protein chains have the __ ___
binding site
___ consist of a polypeptide with long chains of carbohydrates (glycosaminoglycans) attached
proteoglycans
What proteoglycan is a long chain of protein with few carbohydrates?
Versican
What proteoglycan is a short chain of protein with many carbohydrate chains?
Serglycin
What proteoglycan is a long protein chain with many carbohydrate chains?
Rat cartilage proteoglycan
What proteoglycan is a short protein chain with one carbohydrate chain?
Decorin
What proteoglycan is a short protein chain with one carbohydrate chain with heparin sulfate?
Syndecan
What are the two components of cartilage?
cartilage proteoglycan, type 2 collagen
Majority of proteoglycans are found in the ____
extracellular matrix
