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BIOCHEM > Glycolysis > Flashcards

Glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

___ is the first of three linked metabolic pathways

A

glycolysis

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2
Q

Glycolysis generates ___ ___ in the form of high energy bonds of ATP molecules

A

cellular energy

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3
Q

Glycolysis generates cellular energy in the form of high energy bonds of ___ ____

A

ATP molecules

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4
Q

Glycolysis involves the breakdown of _____ and other simple sugars, to produce ___

A

glucose (6-carbon molecule)
pyruvate (3-carbon molecule)

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5
Q

What does the glycolysis pathway provide for the TCA cycle?

A

precursor molecules

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6
Q

What is the TCA acid?

A

the second of the three linked pathways

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7
Q

Does glycolysis generate ATP?

A

Yes

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8
Q

When does glycolysis generate ATP?

A

When oxygen is limited

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9
Q

How many phases of glycolysis are there?

A

2 (5 reactions in each)

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10
Q

Phase 1: a series of 5 enzyme catalyzed reactions transforms each glucose molecule into ___ molecules of ___

A

2, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

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11
Q

Phase 2: 5 enzyme catalyzed reactions transforms 2 molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate into __ molecules of __

A

2, pyruvate

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12
Q

Phase 1 consumes __ molecules of ATP

A

2

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13
Q

Phase 2 generates __ molecules of ATP

A

4

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14
Q

What is the net gain of ATP between phase 1 & 2

A

2 (-2+4)

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15
Q

Is phase 1 or phase 2 more active?

A

Phase 1

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16
Q

Phase 1 of glycolysis:

A

Glucose to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

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17
Q

What is the second of the three linked pathways?

A

TCA cycle

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18
Q

How many enzyme catalyzed reactions are in the phases of glycolysis?

A

10 enzyme catalyzed reactions

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19
Q

Conversion of glucose into two molecules of glyceraldehude-3-phosphate

A

Phase 1 of glycolysis

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20
Q

Conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate into pyruvate

A

Phase 2 of glycolysis

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21
Q

What phase of glycolysis generates 4 ATP?

A

Phase 2

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22
Q

ATP to ADP generation occurs in what phase of glycolysis?

A

Phase 1

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23
Q

Phase __ is like an investment

A

1

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24
Q

NAD to NADH in glycolysis are essential in activating the __ pathway

A

3rd

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25
Q

NADH play an important role in __ ___

A

energy generation

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26
Q

What are the three possible metabolic pathways that use the pyruvate molecules generated in glycolysis?

A
  1. Animals and plants in aerobic conditions
  2. Anaerobic glycolysis in contracting muscle
  3. Alcoholic fermentation in yeast
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27
Q

ATP synthesis in phase 2 occurs in what way?

A

ADP to ATP by addition of phosphate group

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28
Q

What are the two anaerobic conditions of the possible metabolic pathways?

A

Anaerobic glycolysis in contracting muscle &
Alcoholic fermentation in yeast

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29
Q

ATP is used up in phase 1 in what way?

A

ATP energy is being used and converted to ADP

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30
Q

NAD+ is converted to ___ in phase 2

A

NADH

31
Q

How many NADH are made per glucose?

A

2

32
Q

Why is NADH produced in phase 2?

A

to stimulate the electron transport chain

33
Q

What is created with pyruvate when oxygen is present (aerobic conditions)

A

energy

34
Q

in aerobic conditions, the ____ from pyruvate can be directly linked to the TCA cycle via a _____ bond

A

carbons, covalent

35
Q

when oxygen is limited, the pyruvate from glycolysis produces ___ ____

A

lactic acid

36
Q

the production of lactic acid from pyruvate is commonly found in ____ _____

A

muscle cells

37
Q

when there is no oxygen, the pyruvate produces _____

A

ethanol

38
Q

the production of ethanol from pyruvate is common in ___

A

yeast

39
Q

when ethanol is produced from pyruvate, what else is produced?

A

carbon dioxide

40
Q

(1) ____ adds a phosphate group to glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate

A

hexokinase

41
Q

(2) ______ converts glucose-6-phosphate into fructose-6-phosphate

A

phosphoglucose isomerase

42
Q

why is glucose converted to fructose in step 2?

A

build up to the proper substrate that can bind to the active site of the enzyme that will split glucose into 2

43
Q

(3) ____ adds a second phosphate group to fructose-6-phosphate making it fructose,1,6-biphosphate

A

phosphofructokinase

44
Q

(4) ______ is the correct enzyme for the substrate of splitting the glucose molecule, and converts fructose-1,6-biphosphate into glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (2 3 carbon fragments)

A

aldolase

45
Q

of the 2 3 carbon fragments produced at the end of phase 1, which is the desired one?

A

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

46
Q

(5) what enzyme is used to convert dihydroxyacetone phosphate into the desired form, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate?

A

triose phosphate isomerase

47
Q

Is glucose the only monosaccharide that can enter the glycolysis pathway?

A

No!

48
Q

What other monosaccharides can enter the glycolysis pathway?

A

Galactose, fructose, and mannose

49
Q

___ is a monosaccharide that is similar to glucose and is a component of the carbohydrate chains of many glycoproteins

A

Mannose

50
Q

Mannose is converted into what intermediates to enter the glycolysis cycle?

A

Fructose-6-Phosphate (F6P)

51
Q

Fructose is converted into what intermediates to enter the glycolysis cycle?

A

DHAP, G3P

52
Q

Galactose is converted into what intermediates to enter the glycolysis cycle?

A

Glucose-6-Phospahte (G6P)

53
Q

Phosphorylation of glucose is the __ reaction of glycolysis

A

first

54
Q

How is glucose kept in the cell?

A

Glucose is kept in the cell by phosphorylation to G6P, which cannot easily cross the plasma membrane.

55
Q

The phosphorylation of glucose to produce glucose-6-phosphate creates a ___ molecule that cannot easily cross the plasma membrane and stays inside the cell

A

charged

56
Q

what ensures that the glucose remains inside the cell and does not go back to the extracellular fluid in phase 1?

A

by the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate in step 1

57
Q

glucose-6-phosphate is a ___ charged molecule to make it hard to get through the lipid bilayer and glucose transporter to leave the cytoplasm and go back to the extracellular fluid

A

negatively

58
Q

(6) ____ adds a phosphate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to produce 2 1,3-biphosphoglycerate

A

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

59
Q

(7) ____ removes the previously added phosphate group from 2 1,3-biphosphoglycerate to produce 2 3-phosphoglycerate and adds the phosphate to ADP to create ATP

A

phosphoglycerate kinase

60
Q

the removal of the phosphate group in step 7 converts the ______ into a ______ group

A

aldehyde, carboxyl group

61
Q

(8) ____ moves the phosphate group form carbon 3 to carbon 2, therofore converting 2 3-phosphoglycerate into 2 2-phosphoglycerate

A

phosphoglycerate mutase

62
Q

(9) ______ removes a phosphate group from 2 2-phosphoglycerate to crease 2 phosphoenolpyruvate

A

enolase

63
Q

(10) _____ adds a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP and therofore converts 2 phosphoenolpyruvate into 2 pyruvate molecules

A

pyruvate kinase

64
Q

pyruvate is a combination of an ____ group and a ____ group

A

acetyl, carboxyl

65
Q

In animal and plant cells in aerobic conditions, ___ is metabolized by the TCA cycle and the electron transport/oxidative phosphorylation pathway to generate ___

A

pyruvate, ATP

66
Q

what is the purpose of yeast cells making ethanol?

A

they gain NAD+ when acetaldehyde is converted to ethanol

67
Q

what enzyme converts acetaldehyde to ethanol in yeast?

A

alcohol dehydrogenase

68
Q

yeast cells need a balance of ___ and ____ and this is achieved by the conversion of acetaldehyde to ethanol

A

NAD+ and NADH

69
Q

what enzyme converts pyruvate to lactate?

A

lactate dehydrogenase

70
Q

in oxygen-depleted muscles, _____ is generated by the reaction of converting pyruvate to lactic acid

A

NAD+

71
Q

In skeletal muscles under strenuous exercise, the anaerobic conditions result in the buildup of __ __ which is associated with cramps and muscle fatigue

A

lactic acid

72
Q

When exercise ceases and oxygen becomes available, lactic acid can be directly converted back to ____. Which is used to fuel the TCA cycle

A

pyruvate

73
Q

Where is the excess lactic acid transported if anaerobic conditions continue? What is it resynthesizes into?

A

Transported into the blood and liver
Resynthesized into glucose

74
Q

In microbes, lactic acid fermentation produces sour __, ___, and ____

A

milk, yogurt, and sauerkraut

BIOCHEM (16 decks)

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