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BIOCHEM > Electron Transport > Flashcards

Electron Transport Flashcards

1
Q

The electron transport/oxidative phosphorylation pathway consists of a chain of ___ and other molecules that results in a high yield of ___ ___

A

enzymes, ATP molecules (metabolic energy)

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2
Q

In eukaryotic cells, these processes take place in ____

A

mitochondria

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3
Q

The electron tranport/oxidative phosphorylation proteins are ___ ____ proteins of the inner mitochondrial membrane

A

integral membrane

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4
Q

During electron transport, a __ ___ is established across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

A

protein gradient

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5
Q

During oxidative phosphorylation, the movement of protons through the ___ ___ enzyme in the inner mitochondrial membrane leads to the synthesis of ___ ___

A

ATP synthase, ATP molecules

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6
Q

The TCA cycle and electron transport/oxidative phosphorylation pathway are linked by the __ and ___ bound to NADH and FADH2

A

protons and electrons

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7
Q

The TCA cycle and electron transport/oxidative phosphorylation pathway are linked by the protons and electrons bound to __ and ___

A

NADH and FADH2

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8
Q

NADH binds to a binding site on complex ___

A

one

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9
Q

FADH2 bonds to a binding site on complex __

A

two

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10
Q

How many complexes are there in the electron transport/oxidative phosphorylation pathway?

A

four complexes

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11
Q

Cytochrome C molecules transfer protons and electrons between what two complexes?

A

3 + 4

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12
Q

All four complexes are stimulated by the ____ that pass through them

A

electrons

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13
Q

Molecular oxygen (O2) with complex ___ creates water (H2O)

A

four

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14
Q

O2 + Complex 4 = ____

A

H2O

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15
Q

Protons (H+) are brought from the mitochondrial matrix to the ____ ____

A

Intermembrane space

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16
Q

The movements of protons from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space create a high concentration of ___ in the intermembrane space

A

protons

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17
Q

Once enough protons have built up in the intermembrane space, the protons can move down the concentration gradient via ____

A

ATP synthase

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18
Q

What major event will stimulate the ATP synthase in making ATP?

A

ATP synthase

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19
Q

ADP + phosphate groups = ___

A

ATP

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20
Q

What is ATP synthase?

A

Adding a phosphate to an ADP group to create ATP

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21
Q

NADH is a carrier for ___ and ___ in electron transport

A

protons and electrons

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22
Q

NADH —->

A

NAD+ + H+ + 2e-

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23
Q

Protons and electrons are both required in the reaction involving oxygen:

A

1/2 O2 + 2H+ + 2e- —> H2O

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24
Q

NAD+ and NADH have central roles in ___ ___ in mitochondria.

A

energy generation

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25
Q

The structure of NAD+ has two _____ linked

A

nucleotides

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26
Q

Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide is also known as ___

A

NAD+

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27
Q

NAD stands for ___ ___

A

nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

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28
Q

the adenine in NAD is ribose/dexoyribose?

A

ribose

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29
Q

what are the 3 components of the adenosine of NAD+?

A

adenine, ribose, 2 phosphate groups

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30
Q

the base nicotinamide is a modification of what B vitamin?

A

niacin

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31
Q

what is the modification to niacin that produces micotinamide?

A

carboxyl has amino group added to give amide

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32
Q

where does the proton bind when NADH is produced from NAD?

A

next to hydrogen at the top of nicotinamide

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33
Q

This is the location of the enzymes of the TCA cycle and electron transport/oxidative phosphorylation

A

Mitochondria

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34
Q

What are the four layers of the mitochondria?

A

Outer membrane, inner membrane, intermembrane space, matrix

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35
Q

The enzymes of electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation are components of the ___ ____ membrane

A

inner mitochondrial

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36
Q

Where are the TCA cycle enzymes located?

A

In the matrix

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37
Q

how many mitochondria are in each cell?

A

1,000-2,000

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38
Q

what type of cell has the most mitochondria?

A

liver

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39
Q

the ____ ____ of the mitochondria has folds that provide extensive surface area for electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation to occur

A

inner membrane

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40
Q

What is the gap between the outer membrane and the inner membrane?

A

The intermembrane space

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41
Q

The inter-mitochondria membrane is highly ___

A

folded

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42
Q

In the electron transport chain, electrons and protons are transferred between the portein complexes by ___ _ and ___ _

A

Coenzyme Q (UQ)
cytochrome c (cytc)

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43
Q

how many protein subunits are part of complex 1?

A

greater than 30 (44 in humans)

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44
Q

What is a small globular protein?

A

A small globular protein

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45
Q

cytochrome C works in the hydrophilic space of the ____ _____

A

inner membrane

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46
Q

when cytochrome C is alternating between complexes 3 and 4, it also moves ___ and ____

A

protons, electrons

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47
Q

when CytC is oxidized, it gives up the ____

A

proton and some electrons

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48
Q

coemzyme Q is a _____ lipid that is insoluble in the matrix

A

terpene

49
Q

what other molecule in addition to CytC is transporting electrons and protons?

A

Coenzyme Q

50
Q

when NADH+H+ becomes NAD+, what two places do protons go?

A

across gradient to intermembrane space, to the cycle of coenzyme Q and into protein 3

51
Q

what reaction that also occurs in the TCA cycle occurs during electron transport?

A

succinate to fumarate

52
Q

where does the reaction of succinate to fumarate take place?

A

complex 2

53
Q

Coenzyme Q: When it binds protons and electrons =

A

UQH2

54
Q

Coenzyme Q: When gives up protons and electrons =

A

UQ

55
Q

NADH has a binding site on complex ____

A

one

56
Q

Protons can go directly from the matrix to the __ __ __

A

inter membrane space

57
Q

Protons can be diverted and go to a different _____, and then be transported to the inter membrane space

A

complex

58
Q

Complex 2 is NOT involved in transporting protons into the ___ ____ ____

A

inter membrane space

59
Q

Complex 2 is involved in transporting protons from ___

A

complex 3 to complex 4

60
Q

complex ____ does not transport protons from the matrix to the intermembrane space

A

2

61
Q

what is the enzyme name of complex 1?

A

NADH coenzyme Q reductase

62
Q

what is the enzyme name of complex 2?

A

succinate coenzyme Q reductase

63
Q

what is the enzyme name of complex 3?

A

coenzyme Q cytochrome c reductase

64
Q

what is the enzyme name of complex 4?

A

cytochrome c oxidase

65
Q

What complexes transport proteins across the inner mitochondrial membrane?

A

Complex 1, 3 , 4

66
Q

What happens when protons are transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane?

A

Generates a proton gradient across the membrane

67
Q

The transport of electrons and protons between the protein complexes is brought about by:

A
  1. coenzyme Q (CoQ or UQ)
  2. cytochrome c (Cytc)
68
Q

NADH coenzyme Q reductase

A

complex 1

69
Q

succinate coenzyme Q reductase

A

complex 2

70
Q

coenzyme Q cytochrome c reductase

A

complex 3

71
Q

cytochrome c oxidase

A

complex 4

72
Q

how many protein subunits are in complex 1?

A

> 30

73
Q

how many protein subunits are in complex 2?

A

4

74
Q

how many protein subunits are in complex 3?

A

11

75
Q

how many protein subunits are in complex 4?

A

13

76
Q

Complex 1 is called NADH coenzyme Q reductase, and is also known as ___

A

flavoprotein 1

77
Q

Why is complex 1 also known as flavoprotein 1?

A

it contains the coenzyme flavin mononucleotide (FMN)

78
Q

Complex 2 is called succinate-coenzyme Q reductase, and is also known as ___

A

flavoprotein 2

79
Q

Why is complex 2 also known as flavoprotein 2?

A

it binds the coenzyme flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)

80
Q

FMN ad FAD are derivatives of ____

A

riboflavin (B2)

81
Q

what modification occurs to riboflavin to produced FMN?

A

addition of phosphate

82
Q

what modification occurs to riboflavin to produce FAD?

A

addition of ADP covalently bound

83
Q

what is another name for ATP synthase?

A

F1F0 ATP synthase

84
Q

what oval structures project down from ATP synthase into the mitochondrial matrix?

A

F1 spheres

85
Q

what portion of ATP synthase is the integral membrane protein?

A

F0

86
Q

what part of the ATP synthase stimulates ATP synthesis?

A

F1

87
Q

The F1 unit catalyzes ___ ___

A

ATP synthesis

88
Q

The F0 unit forms a transmembrane pore or channel which protons move to drive ___ ___

A

ATP synthesis

89
Q

the ____ subunits of ATP synthase is spinning in the membrane at 6,000 rps

A

c

90
Q

what is the movement of the c subunits of ATP synthase stimulated by?

A

movement of protons through middle of the structure

91
Q

the ____ _____ is the central part of ATP synthase where protons travel to get into the matrix

A

gamma stalk

92
Q

the rotation of the c and gamma stalk subunits brings about ______ _______ of alpha and beta subunits to uncover the active site and allow for transformation of ADP to ATP

A

conformational change

93
Q

how are the active sites of the alpha and beta enzymes of ATP synthase uncovered?

A

rapid rotation of c and gamma stalk

94
Q

what subunits keep the ATP synthase unit together?

A

A, B, delta, epsilon

95
Q

how many alpha and beta units are in the F1 spheres?

A

3

96
Q

how many gamma stalks are present?

A

1

97
Q

how many delta and episilon units are presents?

A

1

98
Q

how many A units are presents?

A

1

99
Q

how many B units are presents?

A

2

100
Q

how many C units are present?

A

10 (ish)

101
Q

What are the four key protein subunits?

A

c, gamma, alpha, and beta

102
Q

Where are the c subunits located?

A

In the inter mitochondrial membrane

103
Q

alpha and betta are the enzymes that _____

A

synthesize ATP

104
Q

What is the total number of subunits in the F1 spheres?

A

9

105
Q

What is the total number of subunits in the F0 spheres?

A

13

106
Q

What subunits make up the F0 integral membrane protein?

A

a,b,c

107
Q

what complexes does UQ (coenzyme Q) move protons between?

A

A
1 and 3, 2 and 3

108
Q

what complexes does cytochrome c move between?

A

3 and 4

109
Q

What complex oxidizes oxygen?

A

complex 4

110
Q

The electron transport/oxidative phosphorylation enzyme produce a __ ___

A

protein gradient

111
Q

When a protein gradient is created, a ____ ____ in ATPsynthase occurs and leads to the production of ATP

A

conformational change

112
Q

glycolysis occurs in the ___ of the cell whereas energy generation occurs in the ______

A

cytosol, mitochondria

113
Q

the NADH produced by glycolysis in the cytosol cannot pass through the ____ ____ _____

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

114
Q

what mechanism transfers NADH from glycolysis in the cytosol to the mitochondrial matrix?

A

malate-aspartate shuttle

115
Q

the ____ of NADH and free H+ link to _____ in the cytosol

A

H+, oxaloacetate

116
Q

the H+ of NADH and free H+ linking to oxaloacetate produce _____

A

malate

117
Q

in the mitochondrial matrix once the malate has passed through, the H+ is added back to _____ to produce NADH+

A

NAD+

118
Q

Is malate readily transported into the mitochondrial matrix?

A

yes

119
Q

When is NADH transferred from the cytosol into the matrix?

A

When the H+ is added back to NAD+ to make NADH

BIOCHEM (16 decks)

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