Enzymes Flashcards
Enzymes are proteins that ___ the rates of biochemical reactions; ___
increase, biological catalysts
Enzymes make up ____ ____ such as those that synthesize new molecules and generate __ ____
metabolic pathways, cellular energy
Three distinct features of enzymes
- Catalytic power
- Specificity
- Regulation
Increases the rates of biochemical reactions as much as 10^16
Catalytic power
Selectively act upon a substrate to carry out a particular reaction
Specificity
Enzyme activity is regulated by a variety of mechanisms
Regulation
____ ____ increase the rates of biochemical reactions as much as __
catalytic power, 10^16
_____ selectively act upon a ____ to carry out a ____ reaction
specificity, substrate, particular
____ enzyme activity is regulated by a ___ of mechanisms
regulation, variety
How many fundamental categories can enzymes be classified in?
6 fundamental categories
Fundamental Enzyme Category:
Oxidoreductases
Transfer electrons from one molecule to another
Fundamental Enzyme Category:
Transferases
Transfer chemical groups
Fundamental Enzyme Category:
Hydrolases
Break covalent bonds by hydrolysis
Fundamental Enzyme Category:
Lyases
Cleave various bonds, or add groups to double bonds
Fundamental Enzyme Category:
Isomerases
Produce isomers
Fundamental Enzyme Category:
Ligases
Join large molecules by forming covalent bonds
Oxidoreductases ____ ____ from one molecule to another
transfer electrons
Transferases transfer ___ ___
chemical groups
Hydrolases break ____ ____ by hydrolysis
covalent bonds
Lyases ____ various bonds, or ___ groups to ___ ____
cleave, add double bonds
Isomerases _____ isomers
produce
Ligases join ____ ____ by forming ___ ____
large molecules, covalent bonds
Cofactors are ___ ___ or ___ ____ that bond to enzymes and are required for ___ ____
metal ions, organic molecules, enzyme activity
Coenzymes are ___ ___ (B-vitamin derivatives) that act as ___ ____
organic molecules, enzyme cofactors
Prosthetic groups are tightly bound ___ or ____
cofactors or coenzymes
Holoenzyme are _____ ___ complex of ___ and _____
catalytically active, protein and coenzyme
Apoenzyme are ___ without the ___ ___
proteins, prosthetic group
Holoenzyme are made of ___ and ____
protein and coenzyme
Coenzymes are ___ ___
organic molecules
Cofactors are ___ or ____
metal ions or organic molecules
Prosthetic groups are ____ or ____
cofactors or coenzymes
Apoenzymes are ____
proteins
Understanding the rates and processes of chemical reactions is ____
chemical kinetics
velocity (v) or the ____ ___ ____, is the amount of ___ formed or the amount of __ consumed per unit of time
rate of the reaction, P, A
The velocity (or rate) is ______ to the concentration of __
proportional, A
What is the proportionality constant or rate constant?
k
v=k[A] is the equation for what?
first order reaction
The Michaelis-Menten Equations is a
kinetics of enzyme-catalyzed reaction
v=k[A][B] is the equation for what?
second order reaction
In a __ ___ ___, there is a directly proportionate relationship between substrate concentration and the amount of produce produced per unit time
first order reaction
