MET EOYS4 Flashcards
what two important things does niacin (B3) create? [2] roles?
- forms: NAD & NADP -> imporant hydrogen acceptors. when reduced forms: hydrogen donors
iron metabolism:
- absorbed where in GI?
- function in the body? (2)
- stored where (2) and as what (1)?
iron metabolism:
- absorbed where in GI: duodenum (and proximal jejunum)
- function in the body: oxygen transport with Hb (1) myoglobin function in skeletal muscle
- stored: liver (1) & macrophages (1) as ferratin (1)
tryptophan
describe the branches of the SMA (6)
- inferior pancreaticoduedenal artery
- jejnunal and ileal branches
3 middle colic artery
- right colic artery
- ileocolic artery -> appendicular artery
describe pathway of common hepatic artery –> hepatic artery proper —> ?? :)
common hepatic artery: branches into
- gastroduodenal artery, which branches to give right gastroepiploic artery - which anastamoses with left gastroepiploic artery.
- right gastric artery (goes to less curvature of stomach). anastamoes with left gastric artery
after these two: becomes the hepatic artery proper; branches into:
- right hepatic artery –> cystic artery (gall bladder)
- left hepatic artery
describe pathway of common hepatic artery –> hepatic artery proper —> ?? :)
common hepatic artery: branches into
- gastroduodenal artery, which branches to give right gastroepiploic artery - which anastamoses with left gastroepiploic artery.
- right gastric artery (goes to less curvature of stomach). anastamoes with left gastric artery
after these two: becomes the hepatic artery proper; branches into:
- right hepatic artery –> cystic artery (gall bladder)
- left hepatic artery
A: jenunal
B: superior mesentric
C ileocolic
what are the 3 branches of the IMA?
what connects the SMA & IMA?
inferior mesenteric artery branches:
- left colic artery
- sigmoidal artery
- superior rectal artery
- SMA & IMA connected by marginal artery
what are the 3 branches of the IMA?
what connects the SMA & IMA?
inferior mesenteric artery branches:
- left colic artery
- sigmoidal artery
- superior rectal artery
- SMA & IMA connected by marginal artery
which veins dont go to liver & directly drain into IVC? (4)
- gonadal vein
- renal vein
- internal iliac vein
- external iliac vein
A: left colic
B: sigmoidal
C: superior rectal
what is transamination?
how does it occur?
where does it occur mostly?
what is the enyzme used for it
transamination: transfer of an amino group. new amino acids can be made by using the carbon skeleton of other amino acids and transferreing a new side chain on it
mechanism:
- keto acid / group (a.a but instead of the NH2, is replaced by C double bonded O) swaps with the amine of another amino acid
- requires an intermediary: pyridoxal phosphate (from vitamin B6)
location: liver
Enzyme: tranaminase
what are glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids?
- *glutogenic**: can be converted to glucose by gluconeogenesis or enter the TCA
- can either be transaminated to oxaloacetate or pyruvate (or other intermediates that will form oxaloacetate):
- e.g. alanine or glutamate
ketogenic: can be converted to ketone bodies, these can feed into the TCA cycle, mostly via A-CoA or acetoacetyl-CoA.
how is ammonia produced?
how is ammonia excreted from body ? why is it excreted?
- occurs as a reult of amino acids underoing deamination reactions (reactions where you lose amine groups): when amino acids are converted to other molecules, but there arent other molecules to pick up with NH4+ (which is toxic).
- remove the NH4+ via the urea cycle:
the conversion of the glutamine (a.a) to glutmate and then a-ketoglutarate generates WHAT?
why might this conversion occur?
why is lots of NH4+ produced?
generates free ammonia (as NH4+)
- a-ketoglutarate is needed for TCA cycle for energy.
- Glutamine has 2 amino groups, glutmate has 1, a-keto glutarate has 0 - so each step removes/adds an amino group so the metabolism of glutamine releases a lot of ammonium.
what is glutamine used for? (4)
Source of fuel during fasting - especially in muscles and immune cells.
Used for gluconeogenesis, esp. in kidney.
Produces ammonia, which can act as buffer for unwanted protons.
Glutamine has anti-inflammatory properties in the gut.
Overall: fuel, building block, needed for metabolites: a-ketoglutarate and glutamate.
MoA of urea cycle:
a) what is the rate determining step?
b) what are the two amino groups required? for it
c) what is the key regulating enzyme?
Rate controlling step:
o HCO3- + NH4+ –> carbamoyl phosphate (via enzyme carbamoyl phosphate synthase 1)
o Requires 2 ATP.
o Controlled allosterically by glutamate metabolite: N-acetyl glutamate - this is formed in an excess of glutamate, so drives urea cycle.
b) the two amino groups required from: aspartate (1) & ammonia (1)
essentially is a shuttle reaction of NH4 into from aspartate and ammonia into urea
what does the addition of ApoC2 and ApoE by HDLs do to chylomicrons? [2]
- ApoC2 added: allows chylomicrons to give its triglycerides to peripheral cells
- ApoE added: allows chylomicron remenant to be taken up by the liver to deliver FA & cholesterol
the lesser omentum connects what? [2]
liver and spleen
label the anatomy thats undergoing forgut developement at 10 weeks
get a fusion of the dorsal mesogastrium & the transverse mescolon !
& what are the two pink arrows pointing at?
- lesser omentum: liver and stomach
- gastrosplenic ligament: stomach and spleen
top pink arrow: lesser sac
bottom pink arrow: epiploic foramen
what is ascites?
ASCITES
fluid in the cavity. This is caused by liver cirrhosis which prevents the production of albumen and so fluid leaves the vasculature et
what is the name of this muscle?
what is its role?
where does it recieve motor innervation from?
= stylopharnygeus muscle
- function: elevates the pharnyx during swallowing
- innervation: glossopharnygeal nerve
label the mandible
- which part serves as the muscle attachment point and moves the mandible?
- coronoid process: muscle attachment point
what divdes the anterior and posterior portion of the tongue? [1]
what is found at the point of ^ V shape? [1]
what divdes the anterior and posterior portion of the tongue? [1]
sulcus terminalis
what is found at the point of ^ V shape? [1]
foramen cecum
what are the 5 branches of the facial nerve? [5]
Temporal Zygomatic Buccal Mandibular Cervical
Two Zulus Bit My Cat
the mesentary connects which two structures? [2]
the greater omentum connects which two structures? [2]
small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall
stomach (greater curvature) to transverse colon !!
what thoracic level are of the following?
a) coeliac trunk
b) SMA
c) IMA
d) aortic bifurcation
what thoracic level are of the following?
- *a) coeliac trunk: L12
b) SMA: L1
c) IMA: L3
d) aortic bifurcation : L4**
Three main branches of the coeliac trunk?
Left gastric
Splenic
Common hepatic
which two arteries supply the lesser curvature of the stomach & what is their orgins? [2]
which two arteries supply the greater curvature of the stomach & what is their orgins? [2]
which artery supplies the fundus & origin?
which two arteries supply the lesser curvature of the stomach & what is their orgins? [2]
Right gastric (from common hepatic)
Left gastric (from coeliac trunk)
which two arteries supply the greater curvature of the stomach & what is their orgins? [2]
Right gastroepiploic (from gastroduodenal)
Left gastroepiploic (from splenic)
which artery supplies the fundus & origin?
short gastric arteries (from splenic)
what is this muscle?
cremaster muscle
what are the layers of the spermatic cord? [3] where do each layer originate from [3]
superficial –> deep:
external spermatic fascia (from transveralis fascia)
cremaster muscle (from internal oblique)
external spermatic fascia (from external oblique)
what is the difference betwenen a direct and indirect hernia? [2]
what is the difference betwenen a direct and indirect hernia? [2]
The difference is in the anatomical location:
Direct hernias protrude through the posterior (back) wall of the inguinal canal.
Indirect hernias protrude through the inguinal ring
x
direct hernias pass directly through which structure? [1]
direct hernias pass directly through: hasslebachs triangle
- how does the muscarlis externa / propria change in the oesphagus?
- *top 1/3 made from skeletal muscle** = swallowing
- *bottom 1/3 made from smooth muscle** = peristalsis
to make glucose, you need a source of energy and carbon units.
what are 3 sources of carbon that can be used in gluceoneogenesis?
what are 2 sources of energy that can be used in gluceoneogenesis?
- *sources of carbon:**
- lactate (from muscle - glycolysis). exported to liver can be made into pyruvate as a carbon source
- amino acids - from muscle. (from proteolysis) sent to liver & can be made into pyruvate as a carbon source
- glycerol (from lipolysis). sent to liver
- *sources of energy:**
- ATP (from glycolysis and Krebs cycle)
- fatty acids (but cannot be used as C source !!)
