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EOYS > LOCO SSS > Flashcards

LOCO SSS Flashcards

1
Q

what movement do the rhomboids cause to occur? [1]

A

rhomboids
medial aspect of scapula to upper thoracic vertebra. muscle fibres cause retraction of scapula

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2
Q

which ligaments do we find around elbow joint [3] what do they help cause movement of ? [3]

A

ligaments:

  • radial collateral ligament
  • ulnar collateral ligaments
  • *reinforce hinge movement**

anular ligament: encircles the head of the radius and keeps in the radial notch of the ulnar: creates proximal radioulnar joint - pronation and supination of the formarm

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3
Q

which muscles are used to flex your forarm when:

a) pronated
b) supinated

A

pronated forearm - brachialis used to flex elbow joint

supinated forarm - brachiali and bicep brachii flex elbow joints

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4
Q
A
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5
Q

what is the scapula-humeral rthym?

A

First 30 degrees of shoulder elevation involves a “setting phase”:

  • the movement is largely glenohumeral.
  • scapulothoracic movement is small and inconsistent.

And after the first 30 degrees of shoulder elevation:

  • The glenohumeral and scapulothoracic joints move simultaneously.
  • Overall 2:1 ratio of glenohumeral to scapulothoracic movement.

(e.g. when the arm is abducted 180 degrees, 60 degrees by rotation of the scapula & 120 degrees occurs by rotation of the humerus at the glenohumeral joint)

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6
Q

pectoralis major and minor:

where do they run?

movements?

innervation?

A

pectoralis major:

most superficial: runs from humerus to medial aspect of clavicle, sternum and ribs
two heads: clavicular head & sternocostal head
movment: adduct, flex and medial rotates the shoulder (hugging muscle!)

  • *pectoralis minor:**
  • corocoid process to upper ribs
  • not much movement - stabilises the stable joint

both innervated by pectoral nerves

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7
Q

which muscle initates condcucts the first 10 degrees of abduction? [1]

A

supraspinatus

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8
Q

what are the three muscles found in anterior compartment of upper arm? what do they do?where do they run to?

A

biceps brachii - two heads:
i) one from corocoid process, distally to elbow (short head)
ii) superior border of glenoid fossa, superiorly to elbow
flex shoulder

  • *coracobrachialis**: corocoid process to humerus
  • flex shoulder

brachialis: mid shaft of humerus to elbow

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9
Q

what are two prominent features of the glenohumeral joint? [2]

A

glenoid cavity accomodates approx/ 1/3 of the humeral head: means that should can have wider range of movement

inferior joint capusule is lax. allows elevate above head. but means is much weaker than superior portion

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10
Q

rotator cuff muscles:
​
which muscles attach to greater tubercle?
which muscles attach to lesser tubercle?

A
  • *greater tubercle:**
  • teres minor
  • supraspinatus muscle
  • ​infraspinatus muscle:
  • *lesser tubercle**
  • subscapularis
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11
Q

What is Erb’s palsy caused by damage to? [1]
which nerves? [3]
what does it result in? [3]

A

Erbs palsy:

  • *- Damage to the superior trunk of the brachial plexus.**
  • This happens quite commonly in difficult birth (pulling the head away from the upper limb) results in nerve palsy.
  • Damaging C5 and C6 mainly affects musculocutaneous, axillary and medial nerve. It results in:

Adducted shoulder

Medially rotated arm

Extended elbow

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12
Q

what is the shallow glenoid fossa deepened by? [2]

A

-glenoid labrum (fibrocart. ring that surrounds articular surface). helps deepen the socket and support the joint

- long head of the biceps - attaches to superior aspect of labrum

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13
Q

describe the path of the median nerve to the hand

which motor muscles does it innervate? [2]

which skin does it provide sensory innervation for? [1]

A

Median nerve path
The median nerve runs medial to biceps brachii with the brachial artery, and runs anteriorly at the cubital fossa to enter the forearm.
It then passes through the carpal tunnel to reach the hand

  • *motor inervation:**
  • supplies the majority of the flexor compartment (2 muscles it doesn’t innervate) causing wrist flexion
  • the thumb
  • *sensory innervation**
  • Sensory fibres innervate the skin over lateral palm, digits 1-3.5
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14
Q

muscle actions of:

supraspinatus muscle:?
infraspinatus muscle:?
teres minor:?
subscapularis muscle?

A

supraspinatus muscle: first 10 degrees of abduction
infraspinatus muscle: external rotation
teres minor: external rotation
subscapularis muscle: internal rotation

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15
Q

what are the boundaries of the cubital fossa?

A

Boundaries of the cubital fossa:

  • superior border: line from the lateral to the medial epicondyle
  • flexor muscles of the forearm and the bracioradialias acting as borders also.
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16
Q

where do each of the following arrive from?

  • Muscularcutaneous
  • axillary
  • median
  • radial
  • ulnar nerve
A

where do each of the following arrive from?

  • Muscularcutaneous: C5-C7
  • axillary: C5-C6
  • median: C5-T1
  • radial: C5-T1
  • ulnar nerve; C8-T1
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17
Q

which ligament is commonly torn in young girls?

Ulnohumeral joint
Radio humeral joint
Proximal radioulnar joint

why?

A

which ligament is commonly torn in young girls?

Ulnohumeral joint
Radio humeral joint
Proximal radioulnar joint

bc annular ligament if loosely attached to the ulnar in infants

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18
Q
A

A: short head of bicep brachii
B: radial nerve
C: brachial artery
D: tricep (long head)
E: musculocutaneous nerve

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19
Q

where do the 3 heads of the tricep muscle run to / from/ [3]

A

three heads:

  • medial head & lateral head: humerus to elbow (olecranon process)
  • long head: inferior head of glenoid fossa - olecranon. this is the main one that causes extension of should
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20
Q

what are deep layer muscles of the forarm? [3] where run to ? what movements?

A

flexor digitorum profundus:

  • makes way to fingers and distal phalanx !
  • causes flexion of the wrist, MCP, PIP and DIP joints

flexor pollicis longus

  • *- forearm to distal phalanx of thumb**
  • thumb flexion

pronator quadratus

  • between ulnar and radius
  • initiates pronation of the forearm
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21
Q

ulnar nerve lesion would effect which of the following?

  • flexor pollicis brevis
  • oppenens pollicis
  • adductor pollicis
  • abductor pollicis brevis
A

ulnar nerve lesion would effect which of the following?

  • flexor pollicis brevis
  • oppenens pollicis
  • *- adductor pollicis**
  • abductor pollicis brevis
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22
Q

what are canaliculi joined together by? [1]

A

These cytoplasmic processes are joined together by gap junctions

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23
Q

all of the muscles of the thenar eminance are innervated by the median nerve apart from which muscle? [1]

A

adductor pollicis

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24
Q

which joint permits thumb oppositon in the hand? [1]

A

carpo-metacarpal

25
Q

what is the carpal tunnel?
what is the layer at the top called?
which nerve runs through?

A
  • At the base of the palm of the hand, there is a groove/tunnel through which 9 flexor tendons pass.
  • Across the top is the flexor retinaculum (thickening of the deep fascia)
  • median nerve runs through the carpal tunnel
26
Q

what is periosteum?
which cell types are found here? [1]

A

Fibrous capsule surrounding bone

Carries blood and neural supply

Periosteal blood vessels penetrate the bone from this layer.

Inner periosteum is liner by osteoprogenitor cells.

These may differentiate into osteoblasts and so are important in bone growth, modelling and repair.

27
Q

what are osteoclasts activated by?

how does it cause bone remodelling?

which other cells can activate them?

A

osteoclasts express a receptor molecule called RANK (receptor activator of nuclear factor). interaction with RANKL ligand molecule expressed on osteoblasts

dissolves bone matrix: pumps protons out to acidify & enzymes = bone remodelling

also activated by t-lymphocytes (can express RANKL) during inflammation

28
Q

muscles of the superficial layer of forearm:

names? [4]
where do they run from / to?

A

muscles of the superficial layer of forearm:

  1. Pronator teres (pronates the arm)
  2. Flexor carpi radialis (flexes the wrist)
  3. Palmaris longus (small muscle)
  4. Flexor carpi ulnaris (flexes the wrist)

(Pass Fail Pass Fail)

muscles of the superficial layer do not extend into the digits so they act to

  • **flex the wrist
  • pronate the arm**
29
Q

what is the main mineral in the mineralised ECM in bones? [1]

what other subtstance is mostly found in the bone matrix [1]?

A

what is the main mineral in the mineralised ECM in bones? [1]
calcium phosphate

what other subtstance is mostly found in the bone matrix [1]?
type 1 collagen - 90% of bone

30
Q

how do paedatric and adult x-rays differ in appearance? [1]

A

in children, bones are growing via epiphyseal growth plate: lengthens the bone but is made by hyaline cartilage: looks seperated from the main shaft of the bone (cane make it look fractured)

31
Q

what are the borders of the anatomical snuffbox? [3]

A
32
Q

where do you test for sensory innervation for

a) radial nerve
b) median nerve
c) ulnar nerve

A

where do you test for sensory innervation for

a) radial nerve: between thumb & first thing dorsally
b) median nerve: outside of second finger
c) ulnar nerve: outside of little finger

33
Q

what is blood supply to the head of femur like?

which is main blood supply from?

A

which is main blood supply from: retinacular artery

34
Q

explain what is meant by the sacoiliac joint being a compound synovial joint [2]

A

explain what is meant by the sacoiliac joint being a compound synovial joint [2]

  • *- anterior synovial plane joint
  • posteiror syndesmosis joint** (A syndesmosis is defined as a fibrous joint in which two adjacent bones are linked by a strong membrane or ligaments). stable joint !!
35
Q

what are synoviocytes? - what do they produce?
what are the two types?
which is more?

how do the synoviocytes sit on subintima?

A

The synovial intimal cells, termed synoviocytes, are believed to be responsible for the production of synovial fluid components, for absorption from the joint cavity, and for blood/synovial fluid exchanges,

1-3 cell layer

•Type A: bone marrow derived macrophage for immune surveillance

•Type B: fibroblast-like connective tissue cell for proteoglycan production - more than type A

no barrier between synoviocytes & subintima !! - no basement membrane = no barrier for fluid movement !!!

36
Q

esssentially, what is synovial fluid? [2]

A

ultrafiltrate of blood [1] with added hyaluronic acid [1]

37
Q

which cells make hyaluronic acid for synovial fluid? [1]

A

type B synoviocytes

38
Q

what are the different ways skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle developem, repair, heal and renew?

A

skeletal muscle: stem cells (satellite): add to muscle fibres to increase size: hypertrophy. can replaced damaged cells if BM is in tact

SM: cells can hypertrophy and division can occur.

cardiac muscle: hypertrophy - but no stem cells and no cell division, no regen: fibrocollagenous scar replaces muscle

39
Q

the lateral rotators of the hip are innervated by which nerve supply roots? [3]
which is the most important lateral rotator? [1]

A

the lateral rotators of the hip are innervated by which nerve supply? [3]
L5, S1 & S2
which is the most important lateral rotator? [1]
piriformis (important for neurovasc landmark)

40
Q

the lateral rotators of the hip are innervated by which nerve supply roots? [3]
which is the most important lateral rotator? [1]

A

the lateral rotators of the hip are innervated by which nerve supply? [3]
L5, S1 & S2
which is the most important lateral rotator? [1]
piriformis (important for neurovasc landmark)

41
Q

which two components of synovial fluid interact to make glycoproteic gel of SF? [2]

A

interaction between hyaluronic acid & albumin: creates a tangled mesh that causes the glycoproteic gel - increases the viscosity

42
Q

each cell of skeletal muscle is called what? [1]

A

skeletal muscle:

  • each cell is called: muscle fibre
43
Q

lubrican:

what type of molecule is it [1]
strucutre? [1]
function? [2]

A

lubricin: water soluble glycoprotein
structure: equal proportions of protein and oligosaccharides

function:
Forms thin superficial barrier [1]
- Repels joint surfaces, preventing contact of articular surfaces [1]

44
Q

which is the major extensor muscle of the hip? [1]

which is the major abductor muscles of the hip? [2]

which are the lateral rotators muscles of the hip? [2]

A

which is the major extensor muscle of the hip? [1]
gluteus maximus

which is the major abductor muscles of the hip? [2]
gluteus medius and minimus

which are the lateral rotators muscles of the hip? [2]
piriformis and lateral rotators

45
Q

what is a synostosis fibrous joint? [1]
whats a bone with an example of a synostosis joint? [1]

what is a syndemosis fibrous joint? [1]
whats a bone with an example of where find a syndemosis joint? [1]

what is a gomphosis fibrous joint? [1]
whats a bone with an example of where find a gomphosis joint? [1]

A

what is a synostosis fibrous joint? [1]
At some sutures, the connective tissue will ossify and be converted into bone, causing the adjacent bones to fuse to each other (and make one big bone)

whats a bone with an example of a synostosis joint? [1]
frontal bone

what is a syndemosis fibrous joint? [1]
sheet of fibrous tissue between bones = interosseous membrane

whats a bone with an example of where find a syndemosis joint? [1]
between radius and ulnar / between tibia and fibula

what is a gomphosis fibrous joint? [1]
cone shaped peg fits into a socket
whats a bone with an example of where find a gomphosis joint? [1]
teeth

46
Q

when the hip is extended, what happens to the ligament fibres? [1]
what does this do the the femur & acetabulum? [1]

A

when the hip is extended, what happens to the ligament fibres? [1]
- fibres become twisted and extended (& tighten)

what does this do the the femur & acetabulum? [1]
ligaments pull head of femur & acetabulum closer

47
Q

what do we use to look at aligment of the hip?

A

shentons line: smooth arch from the superior pubic ramus to the inferomedial border of the neck of the femur

48
Q

what do we use to look at aligment of the hip?

A

shentons line: smooth arch from the superior pubic ramus to the inferomedial border of the neck of the femur

49
Q

when the hip is extended, what happens to the ligament fibres? [1]
what does this do the the femur & acetabulum? [1]

A

when the hip is extended, what happens to the ligament fibres? [1]
- fibres become twisted and extended (& tighten)

what does this do the the femur & acetabulum? [1]
ligaments pull head of femur & acetabulum closer

50
Q

what are the cells called that are responsible for the ability of skeletal muscle to regenerate? [1]

where found? [1]

activated by? [1]

* give rise to ? *

A

what are the cells called that are responsible for the ability of skelelat muscle to regenerate: satellite cells

where found: between plasma membrane of muscle fibre and external lamina

activated by: injury

give rise to: myoblasts !!

51
Q

major flexor of the hip is the WHAT muscle? [1]

A

major flexor of the hip is the iliopsoas muscle [1]

52
Q

which ligament is highlighted?

A

ligament teres

53
Q

Hip stability is due to: ? [7]

A
  1. Deep insertion of femoral head into acetabulum
  2. Strong tight articular capsule, this is loose in shoulder. Attaches to greater trochanter and neck of the femur, so is a very tight fit. Gives stability yet also restricts movement
  3. Ligaments around the joint capsule (especially anteriorly) which will help stabilise the hip joint in extension (the anterior ligaments).
  4. Large powerful muscles around joint: single, individual most powerful muscle in the body is the gluteus maximus, and the most powerful group of muscles (quadriceps) all work to stabilise the hip joint
  5. Ligament within articular capsule, ligamentum teres. This attaches the head of the femur to the acetabulum and acts as like a tether. Can also be called ‘ligament of the head of the femur’.
  6. Fat pad fills central region and adds cushioning for thinnest part of acetabulum. Also helps to keep these two bones together
  7. Acetabulur labrum is a fibrocartilaginous ring that helps with suction of the femur into the acetabulum. Doesn’t really add to the surface area, 10%, but acts with the synovial fluid to suction the head of the femur into the acetabulum
54
Q

which cells produce lubricin? [2]

A

–Produced by chondrocytes and synoviocyte

55
Q

what type of joint is A?

symphysis
syndesmosis
synostosis
synchondrosis
gomphosis

A

what type of joint is A?

symphysis
syndesmosis
synostosis
synchondrosis
gomphosis

56
Q
A
57
Q
A
58
Q

a postive trendelenburg test is likely to occur from damage to which nerve?

superior gluteal nerve
inferior gluteal nerve
femoral nerve
common peroneal nerve
superficial peroneal nerve

A

a postive trendelenburg test is likely to occur from damage to which nerve?

superior gluteal nerve
inferior gluteal nerve
femoral nerve
common peroneal nerve
superficial peroneal nerve

59
Q

what are the curvatures of the spine? [2] medical names?
when do each develop? [2]
which vertebrae cause which of these curvatures? [2]

A

what are the curvatures of the spine? [2]
primary curvatures - posterior curvature = kyphosis
secondary curvatures - anterior curvature =lordosis

when do each develop? [2]
Primary curves are retained from the original fetal curvature, while secondary curvatures develop after birth.

which vertebrae cause which of these curvatures? [2]

  • *thoracic: primary
    sacral: primary
    cervical: secondary
    sacral: secondary**

EOYS (39 decks)

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