Loco EOYS3

Question 1

what is blood supply to the head of femur like?

which is main blood supply from?

Answer 1

which is main blood supply from: retinacular artery

Question 2

explain what is meant by the sacoiliac joint being a compound synovial joint [2]

Answer 2

explain what is meant by the sacoiliac joint being a compound synovial joint [2]

• *- anterior synovial plane joint**
• *- posteiror syndesmosis joint (**A syndesmosis is defined as a fibrous joint in which two adjacent bones are linked by a strong membrane or ligaments). stable joint !!

Question 3

what are synoviocytes? - what do they produce?
what are the two types?
which is more?

how do the synoviocytes sit on subintima?

Answer 3

The synovial intimal cells, termed synoviocytes, are believed to be responsible for the production of synovial fluid components, for absorption from the joint cavity, and for blood/synovial fluid exchanges,

1-3 cell layer

•Type A: bone marrow derived macrophage for immune surveillance

•Type B: fibroblast-like connective tissue cell for proteoglycan production - more than type A

no barrier between synoviocytes & subintima !! - no basement membrane = no barrier for fluid movement !!!

Question 4

how do fast. intermediate . slow muscle fibres appaear histologically? [3]

Answer 4

slow: dark
intermediate: fast
fast: light

Question 5

what type of joint is highlighted?

pivot
saddle
condyloid
hinge
ball and socket

Answer 5

what type of joint is highlighted?

pivot: annular ligament = creates pivot joint !!
saddle
condyloid
hinge
​ball and socket

Question 6

esssentially, what is synovial fluid? [2]

Answer 6

ultrafiltrate of blood [1] with added hyaluronic acid [1]

Question 7

what are clusters of specialised elongated cells that have a primary role of contraction called? [1]

what are two muscle filament types? [2]

what are the two principle types of muscle? [2]

Answer 7

what are clusters of specialised elongated cells that have a primary role of contraction called? [1]
myofilaments

what are two muscle filament types? [2]
thin filaments: actin
thick filaments: myosin

what are the two principle types of muscle? [2]

• *striated**
• *smooth muscle**

Question 8

which cells make hyaluronic acid for synovial fluid? [1]

Answer 8

which cells make hyaluronic acid for synovial fluid? [1]
type B synoviocytes

Question 9

what are the different ways skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle developem, repair, heal and renew?

Answer 9

skeletal muscle: stem cells (satellite): add to muscle fibres to increase size: hypertrophy. can replaced damaged cells if BM is in tact

SM: cells can hypertrophy and division can occur.

cardiac muscle: hypertrophy - but no stem cells and no cell division, no regen: fibrocollagenous scar replaces muscle

Question 10

Answer 10

Question 11

what is smooth muscle cytoskeleton made from?

in smooth muscle - where do you find the thick[1] and thin filaments? [1]

Answer 11

what is smooth muscle cytoskeleton made from?
intermediate filaments running obliquely. connected by dense bodies

where do you find the thick[1] and thin filaments? [1]

• *thick: scattered throughout sarcoplasm of cell
  thin: attached to dense bodie**

Question 12

the lateral rotators of the hip are innervated by which nerve supply roots? [3]
which is the most important lateral rotator? [1]

Answer 12

the lateral rotators of the hip are innervated by which nerve supply? [3]
L5, S1 & S2
which is the most important lateral rotator? [1]
piriformis (important for neurovasc landmark)

Question 13

which is the strongest ligament around the hip joint articular capsule, which strengthens the joint? [1]

how does it achieve this stability? [1]

Answer 13

• anterior iliofemoral ligament - makes anterior side more stable than posterior

- relaxed in flexion but taught in extension

Question 14

what type of jont does the arrow point to?

symphysis
syndesmosis
synostosis
synchondrosis
gomphosis

Answer 14

what type of jont does the arrow point to?

symphysis
syndesmosis
synostosis
synchondrosis
gomphosis

Question 15

how do fast. intermediate . slow muscle fibres appaear histologically? [3]

Answer 15

slow: dark
intermediate: fast
fast: light

Question 16

which two components of synovial fluid interact to make glycoproteic gel of SF? [2]

Answer 16

interaction between hyaluronic acid & albumin: creates a tangled mesh that causes the glycoproteic gel - increases the viscosity

Question 17

during locomotion, which muscles stabilise the hip? [2]
how? [1]

Answer 17

gluteus medius and minimus: contract to keep pelvis aligned during locomotion (otherwise, get contralateral (hip drop)

Question 18

what are fonatelles? why do they exist?

Answer 18

Babies have much wider/expansive sutures: fonatelles

- anterior fontanelle found between two parts of frontal bone.

• this helps with post-natal growth of the skull and allows the brain to grow/expand, and also helps head deformity during birth. Can measure intercranial pressure, will bulge if pressure in skull has increased

Question 19

Answer 19

Question 20

skeletal muscle:

• each cell is called what? [1]
• what is its nucleation like? [1]
• how is it formed?

Answer 20

skeletal muscle:

• each cell is called: muscle fibre
• what is its nucleation like: multinucleated syncytium - many peripheral nuclei
• how is it formed: fusion of small, indivuadual muscle cells called myoblasts

Question 21

what are clusters of specialised elongated cells that have a primary role of contraction called? [1]

what are two muscle filament types? [2]

what are the two principle types of muscle? [2]

Answer 21

what are clusters of specialised elongated cells that have a primary role of contraction called? [1]
myofilaments

what are two muscle filament types? [2]
thin filaments: actin
thick filaments: myosin

what are the two principle types of muscle? [2]

• *striated**
• *smooth muscle**

Question 22

lubrican:

what type of molecule is it [1]
strucutre? [1]
function? [2]

Answer 22

lubricin: water soluble glycoprotein
structure: equal proportions of protein and oligosaccharides

function:
Forms thin superficial barrier [1]
- Repels joint surfaces, preventing contact of articular surfaces [1]

Question 23

ligaments connect WHAT? [1]
role? [1]

what are articular discs aka?
role? [2]

Answer 23

ligaments connect bone to bone!!! [1]
role? [1]
stabilise and hold joint together

what are articular discs aka: menisci
role? [2]
maintain stability;
direct flow of synovial fluid towards areas of greatest friction

Question 24

what are fonatelles? why do they exist?

Answer 24

Babies have much wider/expansive sutures: fonatelles

- anterior fontanelle found between two parts of frontal bone.

• this helps with post-natal growth of the skull and allows the brain to grow/expand, and also helps head deformity during birth. Can measure intercranial pressure, will bulge if pressure in skull has increased

Question 25

which is the major extensor muscle of the hip? [1] which are the major abductor muscles of the hip? [2] which are the lateral rotators muscles of the hip? [2]

Answer 25

which is the major extensor muscle of the hip? [1] **gluteus maximus** which is the major abductor muscles of the hip? [2] **gluteus medius and minimus** which are the lateral rotators muscles of the hip? [2] **piriformis and lateral rotators**

Question 26

what is a synostosis fibrous joint? [1] whats a bone with an example of a synostosis joint? [1] what is a syndemosis fibrous joint? [1] whats a bone with an example of where find a syndemosis joint? [1] what is a gomphosis fibrous joint? [1] whats a bone with an example of where find a gomphosis joint? [1]

Answer 26

_what is a synostosis fibrous joint? [1]_ **At some sutures, the connective tissue will ossify and be converted into bone, causing the adjacent bones to fuse to each other (and make one big bone)** _whats a bone with an example of a synostosis joint? [1]_ **frontal bone** _what is a syndemosis fibrous joint? [1]_ **sheet of fibrous tissue between bones = interosseous membrane** _whats a bone with an example of where find a syndemosis joint? [1]_ **between radius and ulnar / between tibia and fibula** what is a gomphosis fibrous joint? [1] **cone shaped peg fits into a socket** whats a bone with an example of where find a gomphosis joint? [1] **teeth**

Question 27

what do we use to look at aligment of the hip?

Answer 27

**shentons line:** smooth arch from the superior pubic ramus to the inferomedial border of the neck of the femur

Question 28

when the hip is **extended**, what happens to the ligament fibres? [1] what does this do the the femur & acetabulum? [1]

Answer 28

_when the hip is **extended**, what happens to the ligament fibres? [1]_ - fibres become **twisted and extended (& tighten)** _what does this do the the femur & acetabulum? [1]_ **ligaments pull head of femur & acetabulum closer**

Question 29

what type of cartilage are cartilaginous joints made from? [2] what does are the names for them [2]

Answer 29

what type of cartilage are cartilaginous joints made from? [2] - fibrocart - hyaline cart fibrocartilaginous joints = **symphysis joints** hyaline cart. joints = **syndrondosis joints**

Question 30

Answer 30

``` A = gluteus medius B = gluteus maximus C = piriformis D = other lateral rotators ```

Question 31

what is the deformability of AC in upper [1] and lower zone [1]?

Answer 31

- can squeeze first part of the upper peripheral zone: **upper layers are deformable** - lower layer is **incompressable** due to chondrocytic arrangement

Question 32

which two components of synovial fluid interact to make glycoproteic gel of SF? [2]

Answer 32

interaction between **hyaluronic acid & albumin:** creates a tangled mesh that causes the glycoproteic gel - increases the viscosity

Question 33

as fluid part of SF moves into / out of the articular cartilage at rest / movement: what happens to the viscosity of the SF?

Answer 33

as fluid part of SF moves into / out of the articular cartilage at rest / movement: what happens to the viscosity of the SF? [1] * *viscosity changes:** has non-newtonian flow characteristics: * *i) at rest: _gels_** ii) with movement: **_less viscous_**

Question 34

what are clusters of specialised elongated cells that have a primary role of contraction called? [1] what are two muscle filament types? [2] what are the two principle types of muscle? [2]

Answer 34

what are clusters of specialised elongated cells that have a primary role of contraction called? [1] **myofilaments** what are two muscle filament types? [2] **thin filaments: actin thick filaments: myosin** what are the two principle types of muscle? [2] * *striated** * *smooth muscle**

Question 35

what is articular cartilage vascularity and neuronal like? [2] why is most of articular cartilage no more than 4mm thick around the body? [1]

Answer 35

what is articular cartilage vascularity and neuronal like? [2] **avascular aneuronal** why is most of articular cartilage no more than 4mm thick around the body? [1] **deep AC can get nutrition from bone superficial AC can get nutrients from SF - nut needs to be thin to allow diffusion**

Question 36

what are the cells called that are responsible for the ability of skeletal muscle to regenerate? [1] where found? [1] activated by? [1] \* give rise to ? \*

Answer 36

what are the cells called that are responsible for the ability of skelelat muscle to regenerate: **satellite cells** where found: **between plasma membrane of muscle fibre and external lamina** activated by: **injury** give rise to: **myoblasts !!**

Question 37

major flexor of the hip is the WHAT muscle? [1]

Answer 37

major flexor of the hip is the **iliopsoas** muscle? [1]

Question 38

what are three types of skeletal muscle? [3] what do they contain / not contain?

Answer 38

what are three types of skeletal muscle? [3] - **slow type I:** large amount of myoglobin and mitochondria. high endurance **- intermediate type IIa:** many mitochondrian & myoglobin. large glycogen 4 anaerobic glycolysis. medium distance runners - **fast type IIb:** less myo & mito. high anaerobic . high glycogen: sprinters and weight lifers

Question 39

what is unique about cardiac muscle? [2] what is orientation like?

Answer 39

what is unique about cardiac muscle? [2] **nuclei centre in middle intercalalted discs** orientation: **branched fibres**

Question 40

name for the ligament within the hip joint capsule? [1]

Answer 40

**ligamentum teres [1]**

Question 41

Hip stability is due to: ? [7]

Answer 41

1. **Deep insertion** of femoral head into acetabulum 2. **Strong tight articular capsule**, this is loose in shoulder. Attaches to greater trochanter and neck of the femur, so is a very tight fit. Gives stability yet also restricts movement 3. **Ligaments around the joint capsule** (especially anteriorly) which will help stabilise the hip joint in extension (the anterior ligaments). 4. **Large powerful muscles around joint:** single, individual most powerful muscle in the body is the **gluteus maximus**, and the most powerful group of muscles (quadriceps) all work to stabilise the hip joint 5. **Ligament within articular capsule, _ligamentum teres_**. This attaches the head of the femur to the **acetabulum and acts as like a tether.** Can also be called ‘ligament of the head of the femur’. 6. **Fat pad** fills central region and adds **cushioning** for thinnest part of acetabulum. Also helps to keep these two bones together 7. **Acetabulur labrum is a fibrocartilaginous ring that helps with suction of the femur into the acetabulum**. Doesn’t really add to the surface area, 10%, but acts with the synovial fluid to suction the head of the femur into the acetabulum

Question 42

which, out of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle has more T tubules ? skeletal cardiac ​smooth

Answer 42

which, out of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle has more T tubules ? skeletal **cardiac** ​smooth

Question 43

which cells produce lubricin? [2]

Answer 43

–Produced by chondrocytes and synoviocytes

Question 44

what type of joint is A? symphysis syndesmosis synostosis synchondrosis gomphosis

Answer 44

what type of joint is A? symphysis **syndesmosis** synostosis synchondrosis gomphosis