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EOYS > Loco EOYS3 > Flashcards

Loco EOYS3 Flashcards

1
Q

what is blood supply to the head of femur like?

which is main blood supply from?

A

which is main blood supply from: retinacular artery

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2
Q

explain what is meant by the sacoiliac joint being a compound synovial joint [2]

A

explain what is meant by the sacoiliac joint being a compound synovial joint [2]

  • *- anterior synovial plane joint**
  • *- posteiror syndesmosis joint (**A syndesmosis is defined as a fibrous joint in which two adjacent bones are linked by a strong membrane or ligaments). stable joint !!
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3
Q

what are synoviocytes? - what do they produce?
what are the two types?
which is more?

how do the synoviocytes sit on subintima?

A

The synovial intimal cells, termed synoviocytes, are believed to be responsible for the production of synovial fluid components, for absorption from the joint cavity, and for blood/synovial fluid exchanges,

1-3 cell layer

•Type A: bone marrow derived macrophage for immune surveillance

•Type B: fibroblast-like connective tissue cell for proteoglycan production - more than type A

no barrier between synoviocytes & subintima !! - no basement membrane = no barrier for fluid movement !!!

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4
Q

how do fast. intermediate . slow muscle fibres appaear histologically? [3]

A

slow: dark
intermediate: fast
fast: light

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5
Q

what type of joint is highlighted?

pivot
saddle
condyloid
hinge
ball and socket

A

what type of joint is highlighted?

pivot: annular ligament = creates pivot joint !!
saddle
condyloid
hinge
​ball and socket

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6
Q

esssentially, what is synovial fluid? [2]

A

ultrafiltrate of blood [1] with added hyaluronic acid [1]

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7
Q

what are clusters of specialised elongated cells that have a primary role of contraction called? [1]

what are two muscle filament types? [2]

what are the two principle types of muscle? [2]

A

what are clusters of specialised elongated cells that have a primary role of contraction called? [1]
myofilaments

what are two muscle filament types? [2]
thin filaments: actin
thick filaments: myosin

what are the two principle types of muscle? [2]

  • *striated**
  • *smooth muscle**
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8
Q

which cells make hyaluronic acid for synovial fluid? [1]

A

which cells make hyaluronic acid for synovial fluid? [1]
type B synoviocytes

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9
Q

what are the different ways skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle developem, repair, heal and renew?

A

skeletal muscle: stem cells (satellite): add to muscle fibres to increase size: hypertrophy. can replaced damaged cells if BM is in tact

SM: cells can hypertrophy and division can occur.

cardiac muscle: hypertrophy - but no stem cells and no cell division, no regen: fibrocollagenous scar replaces muscle

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10
Q
A
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11
Q

what is smooth muscle cytoskeleton made from?

in smooth muscle - where do you find the thick[1] and thin filaments? [1]

A

what is smooth muscle cytoskeleton made from?
intermediate filaments running obliquely. connected by dense bodies

where do you find the thick[1] and thin filaments? [1]

  • *thick: scattered throughout sarcoplasm of cell
    thin: attached to dense bodie**
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12
Q

the lateral rotators of the hip are innervated by which nerve supply roots? [3]
which is the most important lateral rotator? [1]

A

the lateral rotators of the hip are innervated by which nerve supply? [3]
L5, S1 & S2
which is the most important lateral rotator? [1]
piriformis (important for neurovasc landmark)

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13
Q

which is the strongest ligament around the hip joint articular capsule, which strengthens the joint? [1]

how does it achieve this stability? [1]

A
  • anterior iliofemoral ligament - makes anterior side more stable than posterior

- relaxed in flexion but taught in extension

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14
Q

what type of jont does the arrow point to?

symphysis
syndesmosis
synostosis
synchondrosis
gomphosis

A

what type of jont does the arrow point to?

symphysis
syndesmosis
synostosis
synchondrosis
gomphosis

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15
Q

how do fast. intermediate . slow muscle fibres appaear histologically? [3]

A

slow: dark
intermediate: fast
fast: light

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16
Q

which two components of synovial fluid interact to make glycoproteic gel of SF? [2]

A

interaction between hyaluronic acid & albumin: creates a tangled mesh that causes the glycoproteic gel - increases the viscosity

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17
Q

during locomotion, which muscles stabilise the hip? [2]
how? [1]

A

gluteus medius and minimus: contract to keep pelvis aligned during locomotion (otherwise, get contralateral (hip drop)

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18
Q

what are fonatelles? why do they exist?

A

Babies have much wider/expansive sutures: fonatelles

- anterior fontanelle found between two parts of frontal bone.

  • this helps with post-natal growth of the skull and allows the brain to grow/expand, and also helps head deformity during birth. Can measure intercranial pressure, will bulge if pressure in skull has increased
19
Q
A
20
Q

skeletal muscle:

  • each cell is called what? [1]
  • what is its nucleation like? [1]
  • how is it formed?
A

skeletal muscle:

  • each cell is called: muscle fibre
  • what is its nucleation like: multinucleated syncytium - many peripheral nuclei
  • how is it formed: fusion of small, indivuadual muscle cells called myoblasts
21
Q

what are clusters of specialised elongated cells that have a primary role of contraction called? [1]

what are two muscle filament types? [2]

what are the two principle types of muscle? [2]

A

what are clusters of specialised elongated cells that have a primary role of contraction called? [1]
myofilaments

what are two muscle filament types? [2]
thin filaments: actin
thick filaments: myosin

what are the two principle types of muscle? [2]

  • *striated**
  • *smooth muscle**
22
Q

lubrican:

what type of molecule is it [1]
strucutre? [1]
function? [2]

A

lubricin: water soluble glycoprotein
structure: equal proportions of protein and oligosaccharides

function:
Forms thin superficial barrier [1]
- Repels joint surfaces, preventing contact of articular surfaces [1]

23
Q

ligaments connect WHAT? [1]
role? [1]

what are articular discs aka?
role? [2]

A

ligaments connect bone to bone!!! [1]
role? [1]
stabilise and hold joint together

what are articular discs aka: menisci
role? [2]
maintain stability;
direct flow of synovial fluid towards areas of greatest friction

24
Q

what are fonatelles? why do they exist?

A

Babies have much wider/expansive sutures: fonatelles

- anterior fontanelle found between two parts of frontal bone.

  • this helps with post-natal growth of the skull and allows the brain to grow/expand, and also helps head deformity during birth. Can measure intercranial pressure, will bulge if pressure in skull has increased
25
Q

which is the major extensor muscle of the hip? [1]
which are the major abductor muscles of the hip? [2]
which are the lateral rotators muscles of the hip? [2]

A

which is the major extensor muscle of the hip? [1]
gluteus maximus

which is the major abductor muscles of the hip? [2]
gluteus medius and minimus

which are the lateral rotators muscles of the hip? [2]
piriformis and lateral rotators

26
Q

what is a synostosis fibrous joint? [1]
whats a bone with an example of a synostosis joint? [1]

what is a syndemosis fibrous joint? [1]
whats a bone with an example of where find a syndemosis joint? [1]

what is a gomphosis fibrous joint? [1]
whats a bone with an example of where find a gomphosis joint? [1]

A

what is a synostosis fibrous joint? [1]
At some sutures, the connective tissue will ossify and be converted into bone, causing the adjacent bones to fuse to each other (and make one big bone)

whats a bone with an example of a synostosis joint? [1]
frontal bone

what is a syndemosis fibrous joint? [1]
sheet of fibrous tissue between bones = interosseous membrane

whats a bone with an example of where find a syndemosis joint? [1]
between radius and ulnar / between tibia and fibula

what is a gomphosis fibrous joint? [1]
cone shaped peg fits into a socket
whats a bone with an example of where find a gomphosis joint? [1]
teeth

27
Q

what do we use to look at aligment of the hip?

A

shentons line: smooth arch from the superior pubic ramus to the inferomedial border of the neck of the femur

28
Q

when the hip is extended, what happens to the ligament fibres? [1]
what does this do the the femur & acetabulum? [1]

A

when the hip is extended, what happens to the ligament fibres? [1]
- fibres become twisted and extended (& tighten)

what does this do the the femur & acetabulum? [1]
ligaments pull head of femur & acetabulum closer

29
Q

what type of cartilage are cartilaginous joints made from? [2]
what does are the names for them [2]

A

what type of cartilage are cartilaginous joints made from? [2]

  • fibrocart
  • hyaline cart

fibrocartilaginous joints = symphysis joints
hyaline cart. joints = syndrondosis joints

30
Q
A 
A = gluteus medius
B = gluteus maximus
C = piriformis
D = other lateral rotators
31
Q

what is the deformability of AC in upper [1] and lower zone [1]?

A
  • can squeeze first part of the upper peripheral zone: upper layers are deformable
  • lower layer is incompressable due to chondrocytic arrangement
32
Q

which two components of synovial fluid interact to make glycoproteic gel of SF? [2]

A

interaction between hyaluronic acid & albumin: creates a tangled mesh that causes the glycoproteic gel - increases the viscosity

33
Q

as fluid part of SF moves into / out of the articular cartilage at rest / movement: what happens to the viscosity of the SF?

A

as fluid part of SF moves into / out of the articular cartilage at rest / movement: what happens to the viscosity of the SF? [1]

  • *viscosity changes:** has non-newtonian flow characteristics:
  • *i) at rest: gels**
    ii) with movement: less viscous
34
Q

what are clusters of specialised elongated cells that have a primary role of contraction called? [1]

what are two muscle filament types? [2]

what are the two principle types of muscle? [2]

A

what are clusters of specialised elongated cells that have a primary role of contraction called? [1]
myofilaments

what are two muscle filament types? [2]
thin filaments: actin
thick filaments: myosin

what are the two principle types of muscle? [2]

  • *striated**
  • *smooth muscle**
35
Q

what is articular cartilage vascularity and neuronal like? [2]

why is most of articular cartilage no more than 4mm thick around the body? [1]

A

what is articular cartilage vascularity and neuronal like? [2]
avascular
aneuronal

why is most of articular cartilage no more than 4mm thick around the body? [1]
deep AC can get nutrition from bone
superficial AC can get nutrients from SF - nut needs to be thin to allow diffusion

36
Q

what are the cells called that are responsible for the ability of skeletal muscle to regenerate? [1]

where found? [1]

activated by? [1]

* give rise to ? *

A

what are the cells called that are responsible for the ability of skelelat muscle to regenerate: satellite cells

where found: between plasma membrane of muscle fibre and external lamina

activated by: injury

give rise to: myoblasts !!

37
Q

major flexor of the hip is the WHAT muscle? [1]

A

major flexor of the hip is the iliopsoas muscle? [1]

38
Q

what are three types of skeletal muscle? [3]
what do they contain / not contain?

A

what are three types of skeletal muscle? [3]

  • slow type I: large amount of myoglobin and mitochondria. high endurance

- intermediate type IIa: many mitochondrian & myoglobin. large glycogen 4 anaerobic glycolysis. medium distance runners

  • fast type IIb: less myo & mito. high anaerobic . high glycogen: sprinters and weight lifers
39
Q

what is unique about cardiac muscle? [2]

what is orientation like?

A

what is unique about cardiac muscle? [2]
nuclei centre in middle
intercalalted discs

orientation:
branched fibres

40
Q

name for the ligament within the hip joint capsule? [1]

A

ligamentum teres [1]

41
Q

Hip stability is due to: ? [7]

A
  1. Deep insertion of femoral head into acetabulum
  2. Strong tight articular capsule, this is loose in shoulder. Attaches to greater trochanter and neck of the femur, so is a very tight fit. Gives stability yet also restricts movement
  3. Ligaments around the joint capsule (especially anteriorly) which will help stabilise the hip joint in extension (the anterior ligaments).
  4. Large powerful muscles around joint: single, individual most powerful muscle in the body is the gluteus maximus, and the most powerful group of muscles (quadriceps) all work to stabilise the hip joint
  5. Ligament within articular capsule, ligamentum teres. This attaches the head of the femur to the acetabulum and acts as like a tether. Can also be called ‘ligament of the head of the femur’.
  6. Fat pad fills central region and adds cushioning for thinnest part of acetabulum. Also helps to keep these two bones together
  7. Acetabulur labrum is a fibrocartilaginous ring that helps with suction of the femur into the acetabulum. Doesn’t really add to the surface area, 10%, but acts with the synovial fluid to suction the head of the femur into the acetabulum
42
Q

which, out of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle has more T tubules ?

skeletal
cardiac
​smooth

A

which, out of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle has more T tubules ?

skeletal
cardiac
​smooth

43
Q

which cells produce lubricin? [2]

A

–Produced by chondrocytes and synoviocytes

44
Q

what type of joint is A?

symphysis
syndesmosis
synostosis
synchondrosis
gomphosis

A

what type of joint is A?

symphysis
syndesmosis
synostosis
synchondrosis
gomphosis

EOYS (39 decks)

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