MET EOYS2 Flashcards
explain the whole gut honing mechanism x
- dendritic cells produce retinoic acid (vitamin A) which induce gut homing T cells to express α4β7 and CCR9.
- Epithelial cells lining gut home T cells by expression of CCL25 (ligand for CCR9) while endothelial cells express MadCAM (ligand for α4β7).
which of the following is the linear alba?
A
B
C
D
E
F
which of the following is the linear alba?
A
B
C
D
E
F
which of the following is the inguinal ligmanet?
A
B
C
D
E
F
which of the following is the inguinal ligmanet?
A
B
C
D
E
F
which of the following is the external oblique?
A
B
C
D
E
F
which of the following is the external oblique?
A
B
C
D
E
F
which of the following is the rectus abdominus?
A
B
C
D
E
F
which of the following is the rectus abdominus?
A
B
C
D
E
F
which of the following is the tendinous intersections?
A
B
C
D
E
F
which of the following is the tendinous intersections?
A
B
C
D
E
F
which of the following is the tendinous intersections?
A
B
C
D
E
F
which of the following is the tendinous intersections?
A
B
C
D
E
F
which of the following is the rectus abdominus?
A
B
C
D
E
F
which of the following is the rectus abdominus?
A
B
C
D
E
F
which of the following is the external oblique?
A
B
C
D
E
F
which of the following is the external oblique?
A
B
C
D
E
F
which of the following is the inguinal ligmanet?
A
B
C
D
E
F
which of the following is the inguinal ligmanet?
A
B
C
D
E
F
which of the following is the linear alba?
A
B
C
D
E
F
which of the following is the linear alba?
A
B
C
D
E
F
the linea albal is formed by the aponeuoreses of which muscles?
Formed by aponeuroses of external oblique, internal oblique and transversus abdominis
describe the structure of the rectus sheath
a) above arcuate line
b) below arcuate line
- *rectus sheath:**
- surrounds rectus abdominis muscle
- made from: aponeuroses of external oblique, internal oblique and transverse abdominis
- structure:
- *a) above arcuate line**
i) external oblique aponeuroses runs anterior to rectus abdmonis & inserts into the midline: forms linea alba
ii) i_nternal oblique aponeuroses splits in half_: half goes anterior of rectus abdominis, other half goes posterior. again insets onto linea alba
iii) transversus abdominis runs posterior to rectus abdominis
iv) transversalid fascia runs posterior to rectus abdominis - *b) below arcuate line:**
i) all of aponeuroses run anterior to rectus abdominis
ii) transveralis fascia runs posterior to rectus abdominis
what is the blood supply to the abdominal wall like? (3) where from?
sinternal thoracic artery –> superior epigastric artery
external iliac artery –> inferior epigastric artery
lower intercost and lumbar arteries - blood to lateral aspect of ab wall.
what two anatomical features are found under the inguinal ligament? [2]
- under inguinal ligament:
a) passageway for the femoral artery, vein and nerve pass & enter thigh.
b) spermatic cord:
why is water needed in the digestive system? (4)
Hydrolysis reactions of digestion
Facilitation of absorption (brings products of digestion into close proximity to microvilli)
Facilitation of propulsion of gut contents
Combination with mucin granules to make mucus
in the production / break down of glucagon, glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase are made active / inactive by the addition of what?
glycogen synthase is activated by removing P, inactivated by adding P
glycogen phosphorylase is activated by adding P, inactivated by removing b
therefore work antagonistically !
blue and purple muscles?
blue: pectoralis major
purple: serratus minor
what are the two oesophageal sphincters? which one is an anatomical sphincter, which one is a physiological sphincter?
how do they make sure they are sphincters/
upper oesophageal sphincter: produced by skeletal muscle cricopharyngeus. anatomical sphincter
- *lower oesophageal sphincter:** looks the same as oesophagus. physiological sphincter. aided by:
a) acute angle of stomach enter
b) right curs of the diaphragm: pinch-cock effect
whats 1-5?
1: soft palate: roof of th eoral cavity
2. uvula: midleine extension of the mucosa of the soft palate
3 palatine tonsil: found between the two arches of mucosa that project down from soft palate
4 palatopharyngeal arch: lie postierior to palatine tonsils
- palaoglossal arch: lies anterior to palatine tonsils
label 1-3
1: posterior belly of digastric muscle
2: mylohyoid muscle (cut)
3: geniohydoid muscle
label 1-3
1: posterior belly of digastric muscle
2: mylohyoid muscle (cut)
3: geniohydoid muscle
which of the following is foramen cecum of tongue?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following is foramen cecum of tongue?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following is foliate papillae?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following is foliate papillae?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following is lingual tonsil?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following is lingual tonsil?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following is vallate papillae?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following is vallate papillae?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following is the foramen cecum ?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following is the foramen cecum ?
A
B
C
D
E
label 1-4 of the suprahyoid
1: thyrohyoid muscle
2: sternothryoid muscle
3: sternohyoid muscle
4: omohyoid muscle
label 1-4 of the suprahyoid
1: thyrohyoid muscle
2: sternothryoid muscle
3: sternohyoid muscle
4: omohyoid muscle
label 1-5
1: posterior 1/3 tongue
2: anterior 2/3 tongue / body
3: sulcus terminalis
4: **median sulcus
5 foramen cecum**
label 1-5
1: posterior 1/3 tongue
2: anterior 2/3 tongue / body
3: sulcus terminalis
4: **median sulcus
5 foramen cecum**
