MET EOYS2 Flashcards
explain the whole gut honing mechanism x
- dendritic cells produce retinoic acid (vitamin A) which induce gut homing T cells to express α4β7 and CCR9.
- Epithelial cells lining gut home T cells by expression of CCL25 (ligand for CCR9) while endothelial cells express MadCAM (ligand for α4β7).
which of the following is the linear alba?
A
B
C
D
E
F
which of the following is the linear alba?
A
B
C
D
E
F
which of the following is the inguinal ligmanet?
A
B
C
D
E
F
which of the following is the inguinal ligmanet?
A
B
C
D
E
F
which of the following is the external oblique?
A
B
C
D
E
F
which of the following is the external oblique?
A
B
C
D
E
F
which of the following is the rectus abdominus?
A
B
C
D
E
F
which of the following is the rectus abdominus?
A
B
C
D
E
F
which of the following is the tendinous intersections?
A
B
C
D
E
F
which of the following is the tendinous intersections?
A
B
C
D
E
F
which of the following is the tendinous intersections?
A
B
C
D
E
F
which of the following is the tendinous intersections?
A
B
C
D
E
F
which of the following is the rectus abdominus?
A
B
C
D
E
F
which of the following is the rectus abdominus?
A
B
C
D
E
F
which of the following is the external oblique?
A
B
C
D
E
F
which of the following is the external oblique?
A
B
C
D
E
F
which of the following is the inguinal ligmanet?
A
B
C
D
E
F
which of the following is the inguinal ligmanet?
A
B
C
D
E
F
which of the following is the linear alba?
A
B
C
D
E
F
which of the following is the linear alba?
A
B
C
D
E
F
the linea albal is formed by the aponeuoreses of which muscles?
Formed by aponeuroses of external oblique, internal oblique and transversus abdominis
describe the structure of the rectus sheath
a) above arcuate line
b) below arcuate line
- *rectus sheath:**
- surrounds rectus abdominis muscle
- made from: aponeuroses of external oblique, internal oblique and transverse abdominis
- structure:
- *a) above arcuate line**
i) external oblique aponeuroses runs anterior to rectus abdmonis & inserts into the midline: forms linea alba
ii) i_nternal oblique aponeuroses splits in half_: half goes anterior of rectus abdominis, other half goes posterior. again insets onto linea alba
iii) transversus abdominis runs posterior to rectus abdominis
iv) transversalid fascia runs posterior to rectus abdominis - *b) below arcuate line:**
i) all of aponeuroses run anterior to rectus abdominis
ii) transveralis fascia runs posterior to rectus abdominis
what is the blood supply to the abdominal wall like? (3) where from?
sinternal thoracic artery –> superior epigastric artery
external iliac artery –> inferior epigastric artery
lower intercost and lumbar arteries - blood to lateral aspect of ab wall.
what two anatomical features are found under the inguinal ligament? [2]
- under inguinal ligament:
a) passageway for the femoral artery, vein and nerve pass & enter thigh.
b) spermatic cord:
why is water needed in the digestive system? (4)
Hydrolysis reactions of digestion
Facilitation of absorption (brings products of digestion into close proximity to microvilli)
Facilitation of propulsion of gut contents
Combination with mucin granules to make mucus
in the production / break down of glucagon, glycogen synthase and glycogen phosphorylase are made active / inactive by the addition of what?
glycogen synthase is activated by removing P, inactivated by adding P
glycogen phosphorylase is activated by adding P, inactivated by removing b
therefore work antagonistically !
extrinisc innervation of the GI tract:
- which nerve controls communication between gut and CNS?
- after enetering the brain stem, where does & synapse?
extrinsic innervation - vagus nerve mediates communication gut and CNS
- has central terminals that enter brain stem and synapse to neurons of nucleus tractus solitarus
Clostridium difficile:
a) associated / caused by what?
b) results in what symptoms? (2)
c) treatment? (3)
Clostridium difficile:
a) associated / caused by: broad spectrum antiobiotic usage - opportunistic overgrowth
b) results in: watery diarrhoea & abdominal pain
c) treatment: stop antibiotic use, vancomycin, fecal microbiota transfer
link between gut and brain:
what two things have been shown to be altered in brain as a result of altered gut microbiota?
- activity of macrophages / microglia within brain
- development and plasticity in brain (leads to ageing)
blue and purple muscles?
blue: pectoralis major
purple: serratus minor
what are the attachment points for the external oblique? [3]
what is the inguinal ligament? - between which two points does it lie? (2)
attachment site of external oblique
- **lower part of ribs
- the anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS for short)
- external pubic tubercle**
inguinal ligament:
- the inferior border of the external oblique’s aponeurosis (between ASIS & pubic tubercle) and it rolls under itself to create the inguinal ligament.
what are the two oesophageal sphincters? which one is an anatomical sphincter, which one is a physiological sphincter?
how do they make sure they are sphincters/
upper oesophageal sphincter: produced by skeletal muscle cricopharyngeus. anatomical sphincter
- *lower oesophageal sphincter:** looks the same as oesophagus. physiological sphincter. aided by:
a) acute angle of stomach enter
b) right curs of the diaphragm: pinch-cock effect
whats 1-5?
1: soft palate: roof of th eoral cavity
2. uvula: midleine extension of the mucosa of the soft palate
3 palatine tonsil: found between the two arches of mucosa that project down from soft palate
4 palatopharyngeal arch: lie postierior to palatine tonsils
- palaoglossal arch: lies anterior to palatine tonsils
label 1-3
1: posterior belly of digastric muscle
2: mylohyoid muscle (cut)
3: geniohydoid muscle
label 1-3
1: posterior belly of digastric muscle
2: mylohyoid muscle (cut)
3: geniohydoid muscle
name the three papillae in the tongue
which have taste buds (2)
- *- fungiform papillae**: located anteriorly
- *- filiform papillae**: loacted centrally
- *- circumvallate papillae:** located posteriorly
fungiform and circumvallate = taste buds
which of the following is foramen cecum of tongue?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following is foramen cecum of tongue?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following is foliate papillae?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following is foliate papillae?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following is lingual tonsil?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following is lingual tonsil?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following is vallate papillae?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following is vallate papillae?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following is the foramen cecum ?
A
B
C
D
E
which of the following is the foramen cecum ?
A
B
C
D
E
label 1-4 of the suprahyoid
1: thyrohyoid muscle
2: sternothryoid muscle
3: sternohyoid muscle
4: omohyoid muscle
label 1-4 of the suprahyoid
1: thyrohyoid muscle
2: sternothryoid muscle
3: sternohyoid muscle
4: omohyoid muscle
what is the differnece in the role of the intrisic and extrinsic muscles of mouth?
intrinsic muscle: change shape
extrinsic muscle: change position
upper oesophageal sphincter is made from which muscle?
EOS: cricopharnyngeus muscle
Which muscle of mastication opens the mouth?
Which muscles of mastication close the mouth?
- Lateral pterygoid muscles: open the mouth
- the temporalis, massester and medial pterygoid muscles help close the mouth
for anterior 2/3 tongue:
which nerve supplies the
a) special sensory (taste)
b) general sensory (pressure etc)
c) motor sensory?
anterior 2/3 tongue:
nerve supplies the
a) special sensory (taste): CN VII - facial nerve
b) general sensory (pressure etc): CN V - trigeminal nerve (V3, mandibular nerve)
c) motor sensory: hypoglossal nerve - CN XII
for posterior 1/3 tongue:
nerve supplies the
a) special sensory (taste): glossopharnyngeal nerve (CN IX)
b) general sensory (pressure etc): glossopharnyngeal nerve (CN IX)
c) motor sensory: hypoglossal nerve - CN XII
label 1-5
1: posterior 1/3 tongue
2: anterior 2/3 tongue / body
3: sulcus terminalis
4: **median sulcus
5 foramen cecum**
label 1-5
1: posterior 1/3 tongue
2: anterior 2/3 tongue / body
3: sulcus terminalis
4: **median sulcus
5 foramen cecum**
the muscles in the pharynx are innervated by which nerve, except for the stylopharnygeal muscle - which is innervated by which nerve?
- all pharynx muscles innervated by: vagus nerve
EXCEPT:
- stylopharyngeus muscles which is innervated by the glossopharyngeal nerve (CNIX).
- There is a transition from skeletal to smooth muscle as you move in which direction?
- in the oesophagus, there is an inner ?? layer - contraction of this muscle cause what?
- There is also an outer ?? layer of muscle, contraction of which causes what?
- There is a transition from skeletal to smooth muscle as you move distally.
- There is an inner circular layer - contraction of this muscle increases luminal pressure.
- There is also an outer longitudinal layer of muscle, contraction of which causes shortening of the oesophagus.
what is the motor and sensory innervation to the pharynx? [2]
baso:
- sensory innervation = CNIX
- motor inneration = CNX
name of the sphincter muscle which encircles the mouth:? [1]
name of the sphincter muscle which encircles the mouth: orbicularis oris
what anatomical features of the colon ensure that peristalsis is modified? [2]
how does bolus move along colon? (2)
what anatomical features of the colon ensure that peristalsis is modified?
- get bulges of outer circular muscle (haustra), which are held together by three bands of circular muscle: taenia
- taenia can contract in either direction
how does bolus move along colon? (2)
- constrictive ring occurs (giant migrating concentration) and haustra disappear (!) from a portion of the ascending colon
~20cm of the colon distal to the constrictive ring lose their haustrations and contract as a unit, propelling faecal material into the transverse colon
which part of muscaluris muscosa
- becomes internal anal sphincter?
2 extends over sphincter & attaches to CT? - becomes external anal sphincter?
which part of muscaluris muscosa:
- *circ muscle**: becomes internal anal sphincter
- *long muscle**: extends over sphincter & attaches to CT
- *skeletal muscle:** external anal sphincter
which hormone is released when have hypocalcemia?
what is it effects? (3)
what is 1. inhibited by?
fall in calcium: PTH (parathryoid hormone) rises - restores calcium back to normal by:
- Increased renal Ca++ reabsorption.
- Increased bone Ca++ release.
- Increased gut absorption via release of vitamin D (1,25vitD).
The release if PTH is inhibited by raised Ca++ levels.
IgD
- role?
- shape??
- how common?
- contains?
IgD
- role: antigen receptor on B cells that have not been exposed to antigens.
- activates basophils and mast cells = make antimicrobrial factors
- activates B cells
- how common: very low levels
1
which nerve provides sensory innervation for the entire face?
- how is it split up? (3)
- which of ^ supply superior teeth?
- which of ^ supply inferior teeth?
- *trigeminal nerve (CN V):**
- ophthalamic (V1)
- maxillary (V2)
- mandibular (V3)
- maxillary V2 —> superior alveolar nerve: supplies superior teeth
- mandible V3 —> inferior alveolar nerve ( –> mental nerve) supplies inferior teeth
