CR EOYS4

Question 1

Which histological landmarks of the sarcomere shrink when a muscle contracts? [3]

Answer 1

The I-band and the H-band decrease in size; [2]

the A-band remains the same.

Question 2

what type of cells line the nasal cavity respiratory system - respiratory mucosa?
what are the 3 different types?^

what is role? (2)

Answer 2

respiratory mucosa:
- ciliated, pseudostratified columnar epithelium
a) goblet cells - tall columnar cells producing mucous
b) brush cells - bear short microvilli
c) basal cells - stem cells

role:
warms, moistens and filters the inspired air

Question 3

how does respiratory and olfactory epithelium differ? / how can you tell the difference? (2)

Answer 3

olfactory epithelium has pseudostrat thicker (but still not stratified)!!
AND
nerve fibres in olfactory lamina propria

Question 4

what cell type makes true and false vocal cords? [1]

Answer 4

non k stratified squamous

Question 5

what is the name of the ring that connects between tracheal cartilage? [1]

Answer 5

trachealis muscle

Question 6

what is the difference in structure of bronchioles like compared to trachea? [3]

Answer 6

bronchioles:

• no cartilage. instead lots of SM
• no goblet cells
• simple columnar / cuboidal cells

trachea:

• cart ring
• goblet cells
• pseudostratified cells

Question 7

name 3 functions of clara cells [3]

Answer 7

clara cells

function:

• watery surface. prevents luminal adhesian if wall of airway collapses
• secretory protein C16 - associated with pathologies like COPD and asthma
• detoxyifying compound, cytochrome p450 - regenerates epithelium of small airways when damaged

Question 8

what are the 4 layers that exist between the bllod and inspired air in the blood-air barrier?

Answer 8

capillary endothelium
fused basal lamina
alveolar epithelium (type 1 pnemocyte_
surfactant

Question 9

Answer 9

Question 10

Answer 10

Question 11

Answer 11

1 = hyoid bone

2 = epiglottis

3 = thyroid cartilage

4 = arytenoid cartilage

5 = cricoid cartilage

Question 12

Answer 12

1 = hyoid bone

2 = epiglottis

3 = thyroid cartilage

4 = arytenoid cartilage

5 = cricoid cartilage

Question 13

Answer 13

1 = hyoid bone

2 = epiglottis

3 = thyroid cartilage

4 = arytenoid cartilage

5 = cricoid cartilage

Question 14

Answer 14

1 = hyoid bone

2 = epiglottis

3 = thyroid cartilage

4 = arytenoid cartilage

5 = cricoid cartilage

Question 15

which is the only muscle that can actively opens the vocal cords? [1]

Answer 15

Posterior crico-arytenoids: between the lamina of the cricoid and the arytenoid cartilages

Question 16

what is this muscle?

what is its function?

Answer 16

vocalis: reduces tension on the vocal cords, reducing pitch of voice

Question 17

which muscle and which nerve supplies the muscle that gives tone to voice? [2]

Answer 17

cricothyroid muscle
external laryngeal muscle

Question 18

what is the charge inside a cardiac cell?

• 60 mv
• 70mv
• 80mv
• 90mv
• 1000 mv

Answer 18

what is the charge inside a cardiac cell?

​- 60 mv

• 70mv
• 80mv
• *-90mv**
• 1000 mv

Question 19

what charge do cardiac cells need to be for Na+ influx to occur and begin depolarisation? [1]

Answer 19

-70 mv

Question 20

what is the membrane threshold potential that stimulates SAN depolarisation? [1]

Answer 20

-40mV

Question 21

how can you tell the difference histologically between PCT and DCT? [1]

Answer 21

PCT has brush border on luminal surface, DCT does not / The DCT is lined with simple cuboidal cells that are shorter than those of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT