LOCO EOYS 5 Flashcards
which three arteries branch off the internal iliac artery? [3]
which out of ^^ are medial compartment of thigh?
which out of ^^ are posterior compartment of thigh?
from which artery does the superior gluteal artery arise from? [1]
internal iliac artery –> superior gluteal artery
internal iliac artery –> inferior gluteal artery
internal iliac artery –> obturator artery
superior & inferior gluteal: posterior region
obturator: medial region
superior and inferior gluteal artery relate to which muscle? [1]
superior and inferior gluteal artery relate to which muscle? [1]
piriformis !
where does external iliac artery –> femoral artery? [1]
where do u palpate for femoral artery? [1]
where does external iliac artery –> femoral artery? [1]
at inguinal ligament
where do u palpate for femoral artery? [1]
mid inguinal point
at what stage does femoral artery –> popliteal artery? [1]
after going through the adductor hiatus
dorsalis pedis pulse can be found lateral to which tendon? [1]
extensor hallucis longus (big toe tendon)
arcuate artery
femoral nerve provides motor supply to which compartment of thigh? [1]
what movement does this cause? [2]
main muscles of anterior [3]
femoral nerve provides motor supply to which compartment of thigh? [1]
anterior
what movement does this cause? [2]
flex hip
extend knee
main muscles for ^?
quadriceps
sartoruis
iliopsoas
obturaror nerve provides motor supply to which compartment of thigh? [1]
what movement does this cause? [1]
main muscles of this? [1]
obturaror nerve provides motor supply to which compartment of thigh? [1]
medial compartment
what movement does this cause? [1]
adduction of thigh
main muscles of this? [1]
adductors
sciatic nerve provides motor supply to which compartment of thigh? [1]
what movement does this cause? [2]
main muscles of this compartment [3]
sciatic nerve provides motor supply to which compartment of thigh? [1]
posterior compartment
what movement does this cause? [2]
extend hip
flex knee
main muscles of this compartment [3]
•Semitendinosus
•Semimembranosus
Biceps femoris (long head
which nerves provide sensory innervation to the image? [2]
what happens when u get damage to common peroneal nerve? [1]
why? [2]
what happens when u get damage to common peroneal nerve? [1]
foot drop
why? [2]
provides innervation to anterior and lateral compartment of leg - only innervation is to the posterior - unnaposed plantar flexion
damage to sciatic nerve is characterised by? [3]
oFoot drop
oWasting of hamstrings, calf muscles and dorsiflexors
oLoss of Achilles reflex
a postive trendelenburg test is likely to occur from damage to which nerve?
superior gluteal nerve
inferior gluteal nerve
femoral nerve
common peroneal nerve
superficial peroneal nerve
a postive trendelenburg test is likely to occur from damage to which nerve?
superior gluteal nerve
inferior gluteal nerve
femoral nerve
common peroneal nerve
superficial peroneal nerve
anterior leg compartment:
innervation?
movement? [2]
blood supply?
anterior leg compartment:
innervation: deep peroneal nerve
movement: dorsiflexion, extension of digits
blood supply: anterior tibial artery
what are the curvatures of the spine? [2] medical names?
when do each develop? [2]
which vertebrae cause which of these curvatures? [2]
what are the curvatures of the spine? [2]
primary curvatures - posterior curvature = kyphosis
secondary curvatures - anterior curvature =lordosis
when do each develop? [2]
Primary curves are retained from the original fetal curvature, while secondary curvatures develop after birth.
which vertebrae cause which of these curvatures? [2]
- *thoracic: primary
sacral: primary
cervical: secondary
sacral: secondary**
inverterbral disc structure:
what is annulus comprised of ? [1]
what is nucleus pulposus comprised of? [3]
inverterbral disc structure:
what is annulus comprised of ? [1]
15/20 type 1 collagenous laminae, run obliquely
what is nucleus pulposus comprised of? [3]
type II collagen
water
proteoglycans
around 85% water !!
inverterbral disc structure:
what is annulus comprised of ? [1]
what is nucleus pulposus comprised of? [3]
inverterbral disc structure:
what is annulus comprised of ? [1]
15/20 type 1 collagenous laminae, run obliquely
what is nucleus pulposus comprised of? [3]
type II collagen
water
proteoglycans
around 85% water !!
how does ageing and IV disc occur to nucleus pulposus [3] & annulus fibrosis? [2]
degeneration starts in your twenties :(
nucleus pulpsosus dries out: can become compressed more easily !!
- *- loose height
- disc not as resilient
- disc doees not absorb shocks well**
annulus fibrosus:
cracks
pushed out more by nucleus pulpsosus
where does pain occur from slipped disc? [3]
how does pain occur when have herniated disc? [2]
IVD is poorly innervated so pain doesn’t come from the disc itself [1]
Compression of surrounding ligaments causes localised pain [1]
Compression of nerve roots causes numbness, tingling and pain across the respective dermatome
purple structure?
role? [3]
ligamentum flavum !
- Extends from lamina above to lamina below of adjacent vertebra
- Resists separation of the lamina
- Stops abrupt flexion
- High elastic content so assists with straightening after flexion
which ligament do u find that supports C1/C2?
transverse ligament of atlas
what are the deep muscles of the back called? [1]
innervation? [1]
what are the deep muscles of the back called? [1]
paraspinals
innervation? [1]
dorsal rami of spinal nerves
what happens to paraspinal if disc slips?
If disc herniates then the paraspinals contract on that side to try and hold things together but that causes that side to shorten and pinch the nerve root.
what is the Z line in sarcomere? [1]
what is the Z line in sarcomere? [1]
where the actin thin filament inserts: creates a dark band
what is the A band in sarcomere? [1]
what is the I band in sarcomere? [1]
what is the H zone in sarcomere? [1]
what is the M line? [1]
what is the A band in sarcomere? [1]
myosin filament - thick filament. some overlap with actin present
what is the M line? [1]
holds the myosin filament in place in sarcomere. no actin present
what is the I band in sarcomere? [1]
actin filament - thin filament
becomes darker on EM when the thick and thin overlap !
what is the role of the t tubule? [1]
They allow transmission of the action potential, with its attendant ion shifts, to all parts of the cell, which allows rapid activation of the entire cell
what is the enthesis? [1]
what is the enthesis? [1]
bone / tendon insertion: tendon to fibrocartilage to calficified fibrocartilage
what is A?
A = secondary ossification centre
describe transition from muscle –> bone [3]
muscle; myotendon intersection; enthesis (bone insertion point); bone
what is the enthesis? [1]
bone / tendon insertion: tendon to fibrocartilage to calficified fibrocartilage
which ligament structure stabilises the medial side of ankle? [1]
what does ^ attach to? [3]
what movement does it prevent? [1]
which ligament structure stabilises the medial side of ankle? [1]
medial / deltoid ligament
what does ^ attach to? [3]
medial malleoulus of tibia
calcaneus
navicular
what movement does it prevent? [1]
prevents subluxion
which 3 ligaments make the the lateral ligament? [3]
which are they clinically significant? [1]
which 3 ligaments make the the lateral ligament? [3]
anterior talofibular
posterior talofibular
calcaneofibular
which are they clinically significant? [1]
because theyre seperate structures - really likely to tear: lateral collateral ligament tear
dorsiflexion and toe extension:
- innervated by which nerve?
- which muscles? [3]
- which compartment of leg? [1]
eversion:
- innervated by which nerve?
- which muscles? [2]
- which compartment of leg? [1]
dorsiflexion and toe extension:
- innervated by which nerve: deep branch of common peroneal nerve
- which muscles: **tibialis anterior, E. digitorum longus and E. hallicus longus
- anterior compartment**
eversion
- innervated by which nerve: superficial branch of common peroneal
- which muscles: fibularis longus and fibularis brevis
- lateral compartment
which muscles of leg cause foot inversion? [2]
which muscles of leg cause foot inversion? [2]
tibialis posterior - deep posterior compatment
tibialis anterior - anterior comparment
which muscles cause inversion of foot? [2]
which muscles cause eversion of foot? [2]
which muscles cause inversion of foot? [2]
tibialis anterior
tibialis posterior
which muscles cause eversion of foot? [2]
peroneus longus
peroneus brevis
which structures pass under the flxor retincula? [2]
which structures pass under the extensor retincula? [2]
which structures pass under the flxor retincula? [2]
tibial nerve
posterior tibial artery
which structures pass under the extensor retincula? [2]
deep peroneal nerve (fibular nerve)
anterior tibial artery
what is arrow pointing to?
extensor reticulum
what maintains the longitduinal arches? [2]
- *dynamic support**
- muscle contracts as when required
- muscle tendons insert into apex of arches - when muscles contracts, pulls apex up & counteract body weight
- includes intrinsic muscles
- *passive support**
- constant & ongoing support
- due to shape of bones: allows them to interlock
explain the arches of the foot? [3]
- *medial longitudinal arch:**
- open footprin side: middle of foot isnt it
- contact with ground: big toe & calcaneous
- resilient due to large no. of bones
- *lateral longitudinal arch:**
- flatter
- less bones
- talus transmits body weight through it - weight not central though - either goes forward or backwards
transverse arch:
not a true arch - maintained by some mscles and ligaments as longuitnial arches
- bony fit is particularly good
explain the arches of the foot? [3]
- *medial longitudinal arch:**
- open footprin side: middle of foot isnt it
- contact with ground: big toe & calcaneous
- resilient due to large no. of bones
- *lateral longitudinal arch:**
- flatter
- less bones
- talus transmits body weight through it - weight not central though - either goes forward or backwards
transverse arch:
not a true arch - maintained by some mscles and ligaments as longuitnial arches
- bony fit is particularly good
