LOCO EOYS 5 Flashcards by patrick ellis

which three arteries branch off the internal iliac artery? [3]

which out of ^^ are medial compartment of thigh?
which out of ^^ are posterior compartment of thigh?

from which artery does the superior gluteal artery arise from? [1]
internal iliac artery –> superior gluteal artery
internal iliac artery –> inferior gluteal artery
internal iliac artery –> obturator artery

superior & inferior gluteal: posterior region
obturator: medial region

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superior and inferior gluteal artery relate to which muscle? [1]

piriformis !

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where does external iliac artery –> femoral artery? [1]

where do u palpate for femoral artery? [1]

where does external iliac artery –> femoral artery? [1]
at inguinal ligament

where do u palpate for femoral artery? [1]
mid inguinal point

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at what stage does femoral artery –> popliteal artery? [1]

after going through the adductor hiatus

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dorsalis pedis pulse can be found lateral to which tendon? [1]

extensor hallucis longus (big toe tendon)

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arcuate artery

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femoral nerve provides motor supply to which compartment of thigh? [1]
what movement does this cause? [2]
main muscles of anterior [3]

femoral nerve provides motor supply to which compartment of thigh? [1]
anterior

what movement does this cause? [2]
flex hip
extend knee

main muscles for ^?
quadriceps
sartoruis
iliopsoas

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obturaror nerve provides motor supply to which compartment of thigh? [1]

what movement does this cause? [1]

main muscles of this? [1]

obturaror nerve provides motor supply to which compartment of thigh? [1]
medial compartment

what movement does this cause? [1]
adduction of thigh

main muscles of this? [1]
adductors

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sciatic nerve provides motor supply to which compartment of thigh? [1]
what movement does this cause? [2]
main muscles of this compartment [3]

sciatic nerve provides motor supply to which compartment of thigh? [1]
posterior compartment

what movement does this cause? [2]
extend hip
flex knee

main muscles of this compartment [3]
•Semitendinosus
•Semimembranosus
Biceps femoris (long head

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which nerves provide sensory innervation to the image? [2]

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what happens when u get damage to common peroneal nerve? [1]
why? [2]

what happens when u get damage to common peroneal nerve? [1]
foot drop
why? [2]
provides innervation to anterior and lateral compartment of leg - only innervation is to the posterior - unnaposed plantar flexion

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damage to sciatic nerve is characterised by? [3]

oFoot drop

oWasting of hamstrings, calf muscles and dorsiflexors

oLoss of Achilles reflex

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a postive trendelenburg test is likely to occur from damage to which nerve?

superior gluteal nerve
inferior gluteal nerve
femoral nerve
common peroneal nerve
superficial peroneal nerve

a postive trendelenburg test is likely to occur from damage to which nerve?

superior gluteal nerve
inferior gluteal nerve
femoral nerve
common peroneal nerve
superficial peroneal nerve

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anterior leg compartment:

innervation?
movement? [2]
blood supply?

anterior leg compartment:

innervation: deep peroneal nerve
movement: dorsiflexion, extension of digits
blood supply: anterior tibial artery

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what are the curvatures of the spine? [2] medical names?
when do each develop? [2]
which vertebrae cause which of these curvatures? [2]

what are the curvatures of the spine? [2]
primary curvatures - posterior curvature = kyphosis
secondary curvatures - anterior curvature =lordosis

when do each develop? [2]
Primary curves are retained from the original fetal curvature, while secondary curvatures develop after birth.

which vertebrae cause which of these curvatures? [2]

*thoracic: primary
sacral: primary
cervical: secondary
sacral: secondary**

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inverterbral disc structure:

what is annulus comprised of ? [1]

what is nucleus pulposus comprised of? [3]

inverterbral disc structure:

what is annulus comprised of ? [1]
15/20 type 1 collagenous laminae, run obliquely

what is nucleus pulposus comprised of? [3]
type II collagen
water
proteoglycans
around 85% water !!

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inverterbral disc structure:

what is annulus comprised of ? [1]

what is nucleus pulposus comprised of? [3]

inverterbral disc structure:

what is annulus comprised of ? [1]
15/20 type 1 collagenous laminae, run obliquely

what is nucleus pulposus comprised of? [3]
type II collagen
water
proteoglycans
around 85% water !!

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how does ageing and IV disc occur to nucleus pulposus [3] & annulus fibrosis? [2]

degeneration starts in your twenties :(

nucleus pulpsosus dries out: can become compressed more easily !!

*- loose height
disc not as resilient
disc doees not absorb shocks well**

annulus fibrosus:
cracks
pushed out more by nucleus pulpsosus

where does pain occur from slipped disc? [3]

how does pain occur when have herniated disc? [2]

IVD is poorly innervated so pain doesn’t come from the disc itself [1]

Compression of surrounding ligaments causes localised pain [1]

Compression of nerve roots causes numbness, tingling and pain across the respective dermatome

purple structure?

role? [3]

ligamentum flavum !

Extends from lamina above to lamina below of adjacent vertebra
Resists separation of the lamina
Stops abrupt flexion
High elastic content so assists with straightening after flexion

which ligament do u find that supports C1/C2?

transverse ligament of atlas

what are the deep muscles of the back called? [1] innervation? [1]

what are the deep muscles of the back called? [1] **paraspinals** innervation? [1] **dorsal rami of spinal nerves**

what happens to paraspinal if disc slips?

If disc herniates then the paraspinals contract on that side to try and hold things together but that causes that side to shorten and pinch the nerve root.

what is the Z line in sarcomere? [1]

what is the Z line in sarcomere? [1] **where the actin thin filament inserts: creates a dark band**

what is the A band in sarcomere? [1] what is the I band in sarcomere? [1] what is the H zone in sarcomere? [1] what is the M line? [1]

what is the A band in sarcomere? [1] **myosin filament - thick filament. some overlap with actin present** what is the M line? [1] **holds the myosin filament in place in sarcomere. no actin present** what is the I band in sarcomere? [1] **actin filament - thin filament** becomes darker on EM when the thick and thin overlap !

what is the role of the t tubule? [1]

They allow **transmission of the action potential,** with its attendant ion shifts, to all **parts of the cell,** which allows rapid activation of the entire cell

what is the enthesis? [1]

what is the enthesis? [1] **bone / tendon insertion: tendon to fibrocartilage to calficified fibrocartilage**

what is A?

A = secondary ossification centre

describe transition from muscle --\> bone [3]

muscle; myotendon intersection; enthesis (bone insertion point); bone what is the enthesis? [1] bone / tendon insertion: tendon to fibrocartilage to calficified fibrocartilage

which ligament structure stabilises the medial side of ankle? [1] what does ^ attach to? [3] what movement does it prevent? [1]

which ligament structure stabilises the medial side of ankle? [1] **medial / deltoid ligament** what does ^ attach to? [3] **medial malleoulus of tibia calcaneus navicular** what movement does it prevent? [1] **prevents subluxion**

which 3 ligaments make the the lateral ligament? [3] which are they clinically significant? [1]

_which 3 ligaments make the the lateral ligament? [3]_ **anterior talofibular posterior talofibular calcaneofibular** _which are they clinically significant? [1]_ because theyre seperate structures - **really likely to tear: lateral collateral ligament tear**

_dorsiflexion and toe extension:_ - innervated by which nerve? - which muscles? [3] - which compartment of leg? [1] _eversion:_ - innervated by which nerve? - which muscles? [2] - which compartment of leg? [1]

_dorsiflexion and toe extension:_ - innervated by which nerve: **deep branch of common peroneal nerve** - which muscles: **tibialis anterior, E. digitorum longus and E. hallicus longus - anterior compartment** _eversion_ - innervated by which nerve: **superficial branch of common peroneal** - which muscles: **fibularis longus and fibularis brevis** - **lateral compartment**

which muscles of leg cause foot inversion? [2]

which muscles of leg cause foot inversion? [2] **tibialis posterior - deep posterior compatment tibialis anterior - anterior comparment**

which muscles cause inversion of foot? [2] which muscles cause eversion of foot? [2]

which muscles cause inversion of foot? [2] **tibialis anterior tibialis posterior** which muscles cause eversion of foot? [2] **peroneus longus peroneus brevis**

which structures pass under the flxor retincula? [2] which structures pass under the extensor retincula? [2]

which structures pass under the flxor retincula? [2] **tibial nerve posterior tibial artery** which structures pass under the extensor retincula? [2] **deep peroneal nerve (fibular nerve) anterior tibial artery**

what is arrow pointing to?

extensor reticulum

what maintains the longitduinal arches? [2]

* *dynamic support** - muscle contracts as when required - muscle tendons insert into apex of arches - when muscles contracts, pulls apex up & counteract body weight - includes intrinsic muscles * *passive support** - constant & ongoing support - due to shape of bones: allows them to interlock

explain the arches of the foot? [3]

* *medial longitudinal arch:** - open footprin side: middle of foot isnt it - contact with ground: _big toe & calcaneous_ - resilient due to large no. of bones * *lateral longitudinal arch:** - flatter - less bones - talus transmits body weight through it - weight not central though - either goes forward or backwards **transverse arch:** not a true arch - maintained by some mscles and ligaments as longuitnial arches - bony fit is particularly good

explain the arches of the foot? [3]