LOCO EOYS 4 Flashcards
which rotator cuffs cause external rotation of shoulder? [2]
teres minor
infraspinatous
what are the two methods of bone formation? [2]
endochrondral ossification: cartilage model as precursor
intramembranous ossification: no cartilage model
what are the characteristics of power grip?
and subtypes? [3]
- *power grip**
- all fingers flexed around object, thumb curled around to press agaisnt / meet fingers
- all muscles closing hand are active
- wrist extensors are active - stable base
- most primitive (new borns can do)
i) hook or snap
ii) cylindrical grasp
iii) spherical grasp
what are deep layer muscles of the forarm? [3] where run to ? what movements?
flexor digitorum profundus:
- makes way to fingers and distal phalanx !
- causes flexion of the wrist, MCP, PIP and DIP joints
flexor pollicis longus
- *- forearm to distal phalanx of thumb**
- thumb flexion
pronator quadratus
- between ulnar and radius
- initiates pronation of the forearm
ulnar nerve lesion would effect which of the following?
- flexor pollicis brevis
- oppenens pollicis
- adductor pollicis
- abductor pollicis brevis
ulnar nerve lesion would effect which of the following?
- flexor pollicis brevis
- oppenens pollicis
- *- adductor pollicis**
- abductor pollicis brevis
osteoclasts
location? [1]
characteristics? [1]
derived from? [1]
function? [1]
osteoclasts
characteristics?
large and multinucleated
location
at sites where bone is removed
derived from? [1]
from the fusion of the granulocytes / macrophage progenitor cells
function [1]
responsible for bone resorption in response to long term calcium requirements and changing mechanical stresses.
which muscles does the synovial sheath reduce friction of? [2]
flexor digitorum superficialis & flexor digitorum profundus to reduce friction of those tendons rubbing together.
what are canaliculi?
Tiny canals in bone to allow for the passage of blood vessels for nutrient supply.
They appear as fine lines
Extend from capillaries to osteocytes and their matrix.
Osteocytes are interconnected by the canaliculi through processes. Communication through gap junctions.
pronation of the forearm is undertaken by pronator quadratus (deep layer) and pronator teres muscle (superficial layer).
which of these is the main muscle involved in pronation and which assists pronation?
pronator quadratus (deep layer): main
pronator teres muscle (superficial layer): assists
when are bones not covered in periosteum?
Osteoprogenitor cells are located where?
where they articulate with other bones
Osteoprogenitor cells are located on the outside of trabecula eg beside adipocytes in periosteum
all of the muscles of the thenar eminance are innervated by the median nerve apart from which muscle? [1]
all of the muscles of the thenar eminance are innervated by the median nerve apart from which muscle? [1]
adductor pollicis
what do patients with radial nerve palsy struggle to be able to do?
why?
what do patients with radial nerve palsy struggle to be able to do?
- power grip
why?
- wrist extensors are active when performing a power grip - causes stabilisation
which bones does the radiocarpal joint connect? [3]
what type of joint is it? [1]
which bones does the radiocarpal joint connect? [3]
- scaphoid & lunate to radius (not the ulna!)
what type of joint is it? [1]
- condyloid joint (extension and flexion and ulnar and radial devaitation (side to side)
which is the muscle of intermediate layer of forearm?
where does it run to from the medial epidcondyle?
what movements does it cause? [3]
which is the muscle of intermediate layer of forearm?
- flexor digitorum superficialis
where does it run to from the medial epidcondyle?
- middle phalanx
what movements does it cause?
- *- flexes the wrtist
- flexes the MCP
- flexes the PIP**
ID B, C, E & F?
B: corocoid process
C: glenoid fossa
E: acromion
F: biciptial groove (inbetween the tubercles) for long head of bicep tendon
which joint permits thumb oppositon in the hand? [1]
carpo-metacarpal
what is the carpal tunnel?
what is the layer at the top called?
which nerve runs through?
- At the base of the palm of the hand, there is a groove/tunnel through which 9 flexor tendons pass.
- Across the top is the flexor retinaculum (thickening of the deep fascia)
- median nerve runs through the carpal tunnel
what are deep layer muscles of the forarm? [3] where run to ? what movements?
flexor digitorum profundus:
- makes way to fingers and distal phalanx !
- causes flexion of the wrist, MCP, PIP and DIP joints
flexor pollicis longus
- *- forearm to distal phalanx of thumb**
- thumb flexion
pronator quadratus
- between ulnar and radius
- initiates pronation of the forearm
muscles of the superficial layer of forearm:
names? [4]
where do they run from / to?
muscles of the superficial layer of forearm:
- Pronator teres (pronates the arm)
- Flexor carpi radialis (flexes the wrist)
- Palmaris longus (small muscle)
- Flexor carpi ulnaris (flexes the wrist)
(Pass Fail Pass Fail)
muscles of the superficial layer do not extend into the digits so they act to
- **flex the wrist
- pronate the arm**
which bone is this?
why is this bone clinically significant? [1]
scaphoid
why is this bone clinically significant
- has a retrograde blood supply (comes in at distal end and moves proximally) - means if fracture at proximal end -> can become avascular -> lead to necrosis
what are the characteristics of power grip?
and subtypes? [3]
- *power grip**
- all fingers flexed around object, thumb curled around to press agaisnt / meet fingers
- all muscles closing hand are active
- wrist extensors are active - stable base
- most primitive (new borns can do)
i) hook or snap
ii) cylindrical grasp
iii) spherical grasp
what are 4 muscles of thenar emincence? & innervation?
- flexor pollicis brevis - median nerve
- oppenens pollicis - median nerve
- abductor pollicis brevis - median nerve
- adductor pollicis - ulnar nerve
what are the borders of the anatomical snuffbox? [3]
which direction is extension and flexion of the thumb?
which direction is adductio and abduction of thumb?
what is oppositon of the thumb?
