Menopause Flashcards

1
Q

Physio of Menopause

A

Reduced #/quality of follicles –> dec inhibit –> loss of negative feedback to pituitary –> rise in FSH secretion –> more rapid follicular development/shorter follicular phase, dec intervals between pds –> eventually ovulation = intermittent –> cease

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2
Q

The menopausal transition (perimenopausal)

A
  • inc FSH
  • intermittent ovulation
  • variable cycle lengths
  • ends w final menses
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3
Q

menopause is defined

A

retrospectively (by 12 mo amenorrhea)

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4
Q

perimenopause result in ___ FSH

A

inc

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5
Q

perimenopause result in ___ inhibin

A

dec

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6
Q

Which group of women are most affected by vasomotor sx due to menopause?

A

African American women also affected

Asian women least affected

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7
Q

Most effective

A

systemic estrogen therapy

  • OCPs (perimenopause only)
  • low dose estrogens
  • concomitant progesterone therapy needed if pt has uterus
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8
Q

hormone replacement therapy risks

A

heart disease, stroke, breast cancer, VTE

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9
Q

non hormonal pharm tx for vasomotor sx

A
  • SSRIs
  • Gavapentin
  • Clonidine
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10
Q

vulvovaginal atrophy results in which acid-base change

A

vaginal pH = more alkaline –> inc risk of vaginitis

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11
Q

tx for vulvovaginal atrophy

A
  • lubricants

- topical estrogen therapy (very low systemic absorption, minimal endometrial stimulation)

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12
Q

urge incontinence

A

detrusor overactivity

involuntary leakage assoc w/ sudden strong need to void

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13
Q

stress incontinence

A

involuntary leakage with effort

inc intra-abd P overcomes sphincter closure

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14
Q

mixed incontinence

A

combo of stress and urge incontinence

too much tone and too much activity

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15
Q

overflow incontinence

A

involuntary frequent voids of very small amounts of urine, just can’t hold anymore

assoc w/ loss of bladder m. contractile strength or bladder outlet obstruction

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16
Q

Q tip test

A

measure urethral mobility

angle >30 = abnml

17
Q

Osinski reflex

A

assesses sacral reflex activity

18
Q

detrusor contraction

innervation

A

M3 cholinergic receptors

19
Q

overactive bladder pharm tx

A
  1. anti-cholinergics to block ACh at muscarinic receptor sites
    (block detrusor contraction)
  2. b3 agonists (stimulate detrusor relaxation)
20
Q

mirabegron

A

b3 agonist

  • relaxes detrusor
  • can INC amount of urine the bladder can hold
21
Q

botox

A

ACh antagonist

  • paralyzes detrusor
  • for non-responders to other tx

AE: infections (less contraction, more urine retained)

22
Q

imipramine

A

tricyclic antidepressant, alpha antagonist (blocks NE)

  • detrusor relaxation AND smc at bladder neck contract
  • treats mixed incontinence
23
Q

duloxetine

A
  • serotonin and NE inhibitor, anti-depressant

- urethral sphincter relaxation

24
Q

is topical estrogen useful for urinary incontinence in female?

A

little evidence

25
Q

stress urinary incontinence tx

A

focus on improving bladder neck support

  • surgery is best