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Bio 120 (university) > Mendilian Genetics > Flashcards

Mendilian Genetics Flashcards

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1
Q

what is Mendelian genetics

A

elementary aspects of inheritance in organisms with more than one chromosome

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2
Q

who is the father of genetics

A

Gregor Mendel

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3
Q

How was Mendelian genetics discovered and when

A

in 1800’s
studied peas
looked at 7 discrete traits of peas

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4
Q

two main types of genetic expirments

A

monohybrid cross
dihybrid cross

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5
Q

Phenotype

A

what you see in an organism (purple flower)

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6
Q

genotype

A

all the alleles in an organism (recessive an dominant traits)

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7
Q

F1

A

results of e genetic cross between parents (filial generation)

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8
Q

F2

A

second filial generation

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9
Q

Homozygous

A

alleles are identical, both dominant or both recessive (AA or aa)

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10
Q

Heterozygous

A

alleles are different one dominant and one recessive (Aa)

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11
Q

Dominant

A

allele that is seen (expressed in phenotype when heterozygous)

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12
Q

Recessive

A

allele that isn’t seen (expressed on phenotype when heterozygous)

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13
Q

Ratio when you cross F1 x F1 monohybrid

A

3:1

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14
Q

Ratio when you cross F1 x F1 dihybrid

A

9:3:3:1

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15
Q

test cross

A

cross an unknown genotype with a known genotype

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16
Q

Mendel’s first law of segregation

A

-Alleles of the same gene segregate independently from one another during the formation of gametes

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17
Q

2 ways Mendel’s first law works

A

-genes on different chromosome’s end up with different gametes
-crossing over

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18
Q

Mendel’s second law of segregation

A

separate genes for separate traits are passed independently of one another from parents to offspring

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19
Q

autosomal

A

not sex-linked

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20
Q

autosomal dominant

A

if you have the gene you have the disease

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21
Q

autosomal recessive

A

if you have the gene it only shows up if you are homozygous for it (aa)

also known as a carrier

22
Q

recombination (3)

A

-Alleles linked on the same chromosome exchange segments between homologous chromosomes
-Exchanges occur while homologous chromosomes pair during Prophase 1
-The farther apart the genes are the more likely they are to go through recombination

23
Q

Gene Linkage

A

-Amount of recombination between two genes reflects the distance between them

24
Q

how is the location of a gene measured

A

map units

25
Q

1 map unit =

A

1%

26
Q

how many map units apart can chromosomes be

A

50 or else they are on different chromosomes

27
Q

how is gender determined

A

SRY gene

28
Q

Pedigree

A

a chart that shows genotypes and phenotypes in a family’s past generations

29
Q

Dosage Compensation

A

Females all have one X-chromosome that is active and one that is inactive

30
Q

Barr Bodies

A

The random X chromosome that is inactivated

31
Q

What is the same in all female descendants

A

The x chromosome that is inactivated

32
Q

Why are all calico cats female

A

The colour gene is on the x chromosome and if both the colour orange and black are on it there are no other chromosomes to block out both colours

33
Q

What are Trisomies

A

Mutation in the X and Y chromsomes

34
Q

Turners syndrome and characteristics of it

A

Female with only 1X chromosome
-Short especially arms and neck
-Can’t reproduce

35
Q

Kleinfelder’s syndrome and characteristics

A

Having 2 X-chromosomes and 1 Y
-Pheno and Geno male
-Lots of head hair
-Breast enlargement
-reduced muscle mass

36
Q

Down syndrome and characteristics

A

3 copies of gene 21
-Developmental delay
-very happy
-Can’t live independently

37
Q

Jacobs syndrome and characteristics

A

1 X-chromosome and 2 Y-chromosomes
-Double does of testosterone
-Super strong

38
Q

Codominance and example

A

A genetic inheritance pattern where two alleles of a gene are expressed equally resulting in different traits

-Blood type

39
Q

LDL

A

Low density Lipoproteins

40
Q

How many LDL receptors do Homozygous Dominant have

A

Many

41
Q

How many LDL receptors does a Heterozygous have

A

half of a homo dominant

42
Q

How many LDL receptors does a Homozygous recessive have

A

None

43
Q

Polygenic Inheritance

A

Inheritance where multiple genes control the trait, which is why we don’t have the same skin colour or height as our parents

44
Q

Epistatis and example

A

The expression of one gene depends on the presence of one or more modifier genes

Ex: eye colour, you could have the gene to give you green eyes, but if you have the gene for brown eyes because the brown pigment overwhelms the green pigment.

45
Q

Non-Nuclear Inheritence

A

Comes through the mitochondria which is inherited from your mother. So if your mother is affect you

46
Q

Example of environmental effects

A

The warmer part of a Siamese cat have less colour then the cooler part of the cat like the ears and tail which are darker.

47
Q

In a dihybrid cross what is the typical phenotypes) of the F1 generation if P1 is RRhh and P2 is rrHH

A

3RrHh: 1rrhh

48
Q

The alleles of a gene
-The observable characteristics of an organism determined by genetic composition
-The combination of alleles located at a specific location on homologous chromosomes that determine a trait of an organism
Any of the alternative forms of a gene or homologous sequence of DNA
-The trait in the organism
-None of the above

A

The observable characteristics of an organism determined by genetic composition

49
Q

In a test cross the parents are always an unknown genotype and a known genotype. What is the genotype of the known parent?

A

Homologous recessive

50
Q

In a monohybrid cross, the parents have the genotype Rr and rr. What proportion of the F1 will be homozygous recessive

A

25%

51
Q

If a characteristic is autosomal, what does this mean?

A

The gene is not located on the sex chromosomes

Bio 120 (university) (9 decks)

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